<p>The Bessemer Hall of History is a museum located in, and devoted to the history of, the city of Bessemer, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The museum is housed in the former Alabama Great Southern Railroad (later Southern Railway) depot in downtown Bessemer. The depot, built by the AGS in 1916, served passengers until the Amtrak era began in the early 1970s. The building sat unused for several years, but was reopened by the city of Bessemer in 1985, and officially rededicated during the citys centennial observance in 1987. The museum houses a wide array of artifacts from the citys history as a mining, steelmaking, and industrial center. The building also houses artifacts relating to the brief imprisonment of Martin Luther King Jr. in the city. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as Southern Railway Terminal Station.</p><br>
<p>University, Hayes and Orton Halls are three historic buildings on the Oval at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. On July 16, 1970, they were added to the National Register of Historic Places. The original University Hall was demolished in 1971, and removed from the National Register that year.</p><br>
<h2>University Hall</h2><br>
<p>The original University Hall was constructed in 1873, and contained a majority of the university functions, including both student and faculty housing. It was the first structure used for educational purposes at the school. After being closed in 1968 for safety reasons, the building was completely torn down in 1971. At this time the old hall was removed from the National Register of Historic Places. The current University Hall was reconstructed in its place, taking a similar exterior appearance to the original building, but updating the inner workings. Notable exterior differences include elimination of the east and west entrances and chimneys and alteration of the clocktower by relocating the clock and removing the roof&#39;s gables. The new building was completed in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Hayes Hall</h2><br>
<p>Hayes Hall was built in 1893 and is the oldest existing building on campus.The building is named after Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States and three-time governor of Ohio, who advocated for a newly established land-grant university in Ohio. Hayes Hall is currently occupied by the Department of Design, part of The Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences as of 2024. Hayes Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970 due to the fact that its front façade remains virtually untouched from its original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Orton Hall</h2><br>
<p>Orton Hall, one of the oldest remaining buildings on Ohio State University campus, opened in 1893 and is named after Dr Edward Orton, Sr. who served as OSUs first president, Professor of Geology from 1873 to 1899, and Ohios State Geologist from 1882 until his death in 1899. Orton Hall is a tribute to this man&#39;s dedicated service towards the understanding of the geology of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Orton suffered a partially paralyzing stroke in 1891, but continued to work. Ohio State University constructed a geological pleasure dome in 1893, and named it Orton Hall, in tribute to Edward Orton&#39;s seminal contributions.</p><br>
<p>The Hall is built of forty different Ohio building stones. In the outside walls, these stones are laid in stratigraphic order according to their relative positions in Ohio&#39;s bedrock. The capitals of the numbered columns in the entrance hall feature carvings of fossils, such as trilobites, as well as other objects such as the races of Man. The bell tower was dedicated in 1915 and contains 25,000 pounds of bells that can be heard regularly tolling across campus in the key of E-flat. Encircling the top of the tower are 24 columns with gargoyle-like figures which are restorations of fossil animals.</p><br>
<p>Because of its unique architectural features, which have made it a campus landmark, Orton Hall has been entered into the National Register of Historic Places. It presently contains the School of Earth Science&#39;s offices and laboratories of Paleontology, Historical Geology and Sedimentology, the Orton Geological Museum, and the Orton Geological Library.</p><br>
<p>Orton Hall features a bell tower with 12 chimes that toll every 15 minutes to the tune of the Westminster Chimes. An instrumental depiction of the chimes features in an often heard arrangement of the school&#39;s alma mater, Carmen Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Werowocomoco was a village that served as the headquarters of Chief Powhatan, a Virginia Algonquian political and spiritual leader when the English founded Jamestown in 1607. The name Werowocomoco comes from the Powhatan werowans , meaning "leader" in English; and komakah , "settlement". The town was documented by English settlers in 1608 as located near the north bank of the York River in what is now Gloucester County. It was separated by that river and the narrow Virginia Peninsula from the English settlement of Jamestown, located on the James River.</p><br>
<p>Powhatan&#39;s Chimney at Wicomico, a site of historical ruins associated with a house purported to have been built for Powhatan, was long thought to have been the site of this capital. Its probable true site was tentatively identified by archaeologists in 2003 at a site on Purtan Bay, further west on the York River. Their survey and excavations revealed extensive artifacts, with habitation from the 13th into the 17th century. Its first settlement was dated about 1270 CE, with complex earthworks built about 1400 CE.</p><br>
<p>The area that the Native Americans considered Werowocomoco may have included both the newly identified Purtan Bay site and the site of Powhatan&#39;s Chimney site. The Gloucester County Board of Supervisors noted that in the Algonquian language the designation for the village of the chief was not a place name, but more correctly translated as a reference to the lands where he lived. The culture frequently relocated quarters within a general area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Columbian</h3><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating of riverfront middens and inland ditch features at the site places the first settlement of Werowocomoco at around 1270 CE. Archeobotanical data indicates a decline in deciduous wood and nutshell from the Middle Woodland period through contact. This corresponds with the establishment of a large settlement, and implies clearing of forest at Werowocomoco as the village grew. Maize was not present at the site in large quantities until the Late Woodland period.</p><br>
<h4>Powhatan</h4><br>
<p>Werowocomoco first became known to the early English settlers of Virginia as the residence of Wahunsenacawh or Wahunsonacock, the paramount weroance of the area. He and his people were known to them as Powhatan, a name derived from his native village, the small settlement of Powhatan, meaning the falls of the river, at the fall line of the James River (the present-day Powhatan Hill neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia later developed on the site).</p><br>
<p>Wahunsenacawh indicated to John Smith that his rise to power began to the west of Werowocomoco. It is unknown when Wahunsenacawh moved to Werowocomoco. As a place already well-known to his people as a regional center, he may have wanted to make use of it because of its association with previous Native American leaders. While residing there, he received tribute from several Virginia Algonquian tribes in return for providing food in times of famine, military protection, and spiritual powers. Additionally, he distributed sacred materials such as copper and certain colors of shell beads. Werowocomoco was the site of several interactions between Powhatan and the English colonists.</p><br>
<h3>Contact with Jamestown</h3><br>
<p>Werowocomoco is best known as the site where John Smith, who had been captured by Powhatans brother Opechancanough while foraging along the Chickahominy River, was taken to meet Powhatan in December 1607. According to Smiths 1624 account, now disputed by most scholars, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, prevented her father from executing Smith at that time. Historians have been skeptical of this account, as Smith did not refer to this purported incident in earlier accounts (1608 and 1612) of the meeting, first recording it only some seventeen years later. By that time Pocahontas had both become a celebrity in England due to her 1616–17 visit there and had died, which allowed Smith to exploit their previous and perhaps actually slight acquaintance without contradiction from her. Severe droughts during the contact period were the likely cause of a decline in maize at Werowocomoco.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>In the early years of the English colony, the settlers suffered severely during the winter, a period known as the Starving Time. In December 1608, Powhatan offered to sell them an entire "shipload of corn in exchange for a grindstone, fifty swords, some guns, a cock and a hen, copper and beads, and some men to build him an English-style house." Smith affected to accept this proposal but instead of giving Powhatan weapons planned to surprise him and take the corn by force. Sending four "Dutchmen" (Germans) ahead by land to work on the house, Smith headed for Werowocomoco by sea on December 29 with a small force. Powhatan may also have been showing bad faith; while en route, Smith received a report at Warraskoyack that the chief was plotting an ambush of his party.</p><br>
<p>After many stops, Smith arrived at Werowocomoco on January 12, 1609. The next day he was taken to see progress on Powhatans new house in the vicinity. Smiths men and Powhatans, after failing to persuade each other to disarm, each tried to ambush the other during the negotiations. After these feints, the English had their corn. Smiths party traveled up the Pamunkey River to trade with Powhatan&#39;s brother Opechancanough, whom they threatened at gunpoint to gain food supplies. On returning to Werowocomoco a few days later, they were surprised to find the house unfinished and the entire town abandoned, for which they blamed the Germans. More likely, Powhatan had decided to move to an area less accessible to the troublesome colonists.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Powhatan made Orapakes his new headquarters; it was located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River (near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295). Subsequently, between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River. After Powhatan&#39;s death in 1618, Opechancanough succeeded him as paramount chief, though controlling a smaller number of tribes than Powhatan had ruled. He used nearby Youghtanund as his capital, which served, as had Werowocomoco, as the place where he accepted tribute from subject tribes.</p><br>
<h3>Evidence of location</h3><br>
<p>The location of Werowocomoco was lost from English memories during the 17th century. Scholars believed West Point (a town established at the confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers at the headwaters of the York River) seemed to meet a description of the Powhatan village in the writings of colonist John Smith:</p><br>
<p>Fourteene myles from the river Powhatan is the river Pamunkee, which is navaginable 60 or 70 myles, but with Cathes and small Barkes 30 or 40 myles further. At the ordinary flowing of the salt water, it divideth itself into two gallent branches. On the South side inhabited the people Toughtamand, who haue about 60 men for warres. On the North branch Mattapoment, who has 30 men. Where the river is divided the Country is called Pamaunkee, and nourisheth neare 300 able men. About 25 myles lower on the North side of this river is Werawocomoco, where their great king inhabited when I was delivered him prisoner; yet there are not past 40 able men.</p><br>
<h4>Powhatan&#39;s Chimney</h4><br>
<p>In later years, local people thought that Werowocomoco was located near Powhatans Chimney, about 25 mi east of present-day West Point, Virginia in the area of Timberneck Bay, slightly upstream on the York River from Gloucester Point. The chimney on the site was associated with the uncompleted house John Smith witnessed being constructed for Powhatan, which in local legend became a house built by Smith for Powhatan at the latters regional village. For this reason, English settlers and their descendants called the area Werowocomoco. Its name was changed to a shorter version, Wicomico, by the US Post Office for ease of use when a post office was established at the village.</p><br>
<h4>Rediscovery</h4><br>
<p>In 1977, Daniel Mouer, an archaeologist at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), identified as the possible location of Werowocomoco a site further west along the York River at Purtan Bay, less than 25 mi from West Point and 15 mi from Jamestown, about 7 mi west of Gloucester. When he collected artifacts from the surface of plowed fields and along the beach, he found fragments of Indian ceramics ranging in time from the Late Woodland Period up to European contact. These indicated that this area was the "possible site of Werowocomoco." Based on his findings, the area was designated a Virginia Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the Ripleys, then the landowners of the site, authorized additional archaeological exploration of their property. They had already found many ancient projectile points on the surface. Between March 2002 and April 2003, archaeologists conducted a comprehensive archaeological survey of a portion of the property. Initial testing included digging 603 test holes, each 12 to 16 in deep and 50 ft apart. They found thousands of artifacts throughout the site, indicating that it had integrity and had not been much disturbed. These finds included a blue bead possibly made in Europe for trading.</p><br>
<p>Because these findings showed substantial, extended 50 acre settlement and accorded with historical descriptions, they suggested this farm was the former site of Werowocomoco. "We believe we have sufficient evidence to confirm that the property is indeed the village of Werowocomoco", said Randolph Turner, director of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources Portsmouth Regional Office in 2003. Studies of the early mapping evidence also support scholars conclusions.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, a team of archaeologists and related researchers has been working at this site. They and the landowners initiated consultation with the Virginia Council on Indians to plan and execute excavations on the site. Representatives of local Virginia Indian tribes, some of whom are descendants of the tributary tribes of Powhatan, continue to advise the research. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In the future, scholars hope to find more evidence about the political nature of the Powhatan polity.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed future federal budget funding to acquire this site in Gloucester County to make it part of the National Park System. Under this proposal, Werowocomoco would be formally opened to public visitation under the management of the National Park Service. The National Park Service completed acquisition of the property in the summer of 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Werowocomoco archeological site</h2><br>
<p>Thane Harpole and David Brown, two Gloucester-based archaeologists, have been instrumental in the work at the Purtan Bay site since 2002. Starting that year, the Werowocomoco Research Group was formed to begin excavations. The Research Group is a collaborative effort of the College of William and Mary, and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, advised by eastern Virginia tribes.</p><br>
<p>The excavations revealed a dispersed community of about 50 acre, occupied from the 13th through the early 17th century (Woodland to early Contact). Artifacts recovered include Native pottery and stone tools, as well as floral and faunal remains from a large residential community. The Research Group has also recovered numerous English trade goods, produced from glass, copper, and other metals, which came from Jamestown. This conforms to colonists&#39; accounts of trading at Werowocomoco; they noted that Powhatan was very interested in English objects, particularly copper, during the early days of the Jamestown colony.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, researchers discovered two large earthworks: curving ditches, each more than 200 ft in length and located about 1,000 ft from the river. They may be part of a D-shaped construction noted on John Smith&#39;s 1612 map. The researchers have determined the ditches dated from about 1400 CE, indicating Virginia Indians had established long-term settlement at this site more than 200 years prior to the English arrival at Jamestown. Earthwork constructions were often integral to ceremonial centers, and these may have defined or separated a sacred area. Continuing discoveries from excavations are helping scholars understand Virginia Indian-European relations. The period of interaction at this site was brief in relation to the many hundreds of years of prior indigenous settlement.</p><br>
<p>This project is notable because archaeologists and other researchers have carefully incorporated consultation about planning and executing the excavations with members of the local recognized Virginia Indian tribes. These include the Mattaponi, Pamunkey, and Upper Mattaponi, some of whose people consider such sites sacred, as they include burial artifacts of their ancestors.</p><br>
<p>Because of the significance of the excavations, in 2006 the Werwomocomo Archaeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College  is an arts center located just north of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. Located on the same city block are the American Numismatic Association and part of the campus of Colorado College.</p><br>
<p>The center uses a thick red outline of a square as its logo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With $600,000, Alice Bemis Taylor funded the 1936 construction of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center and provided a $400,000 donation for an endowment. Constructed during the Great Depression, Taylor saw the project as a means of employment for unemployed laborers. Taylor donated her extensive Indian and Hispanic art and her collection of 6,000 volumes of Americana and appointed Mitchell Wilder as curator. She envisioned a place that would be accessible to all people, with no admission charge. The Broadmoor Art Academy previously stood on the grounds of the current art center, on land donated by Julie Penrose. Elizabeth Sage Hare also collaborated with Taylor and Penrose on the center, the nation&#39;s first combined art museum, art school and performing arts venue.</p><br>
<p>The Fine Arts Center was designed by New Mexico architect John Gaw Meem in a revolutionary design combining modernism and indigenous Pueblo style architecture Pueblo Revival Style and Spanish Colonial into "Santa Fe Style" architecture. In 1940, Meem&#39;s most modern design earned a Silver Medal at the Fifth Quadrennial Pan American Congress of Architecture. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>At the original Grand Opening in April 1936, Martha Graham performed Lamentation-Dance of Sorrow; Frank Lloyd Wright lectured about the building, Manuel de Falla performed an opera with life-size marionettes, and Alexander Calder created the stage design for a sung dialog, Eric Saties "Socrate." Among the art schools instructors were Boardman Robinson, Adolf Dehn, and Jean Charlot.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 2017, the center become the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fine Arts Center is a modern poured concrete Pueblo-inspired structure that integrates Southwestern, Art Deco and Classic architectural elements. It has one, two and, for the theatre fly tower, four stories. Within the building are galleries, art studios, performing art facilities including a 400-seat theater, a music room, retail shop and storage and office space. The murals on the exterior of the building were produced by Boardman Robinson and Frank Mechau. The auditorium includes three aluminum relief panels over the doors depicting Pueblo and Hopi Indian Kachina masks, all by noted Denver sculptor, Arnold Rönnebeck, murals in the original theater lounge (now restaurant) by Andrew Dasburg, Kenneth Adams, and Ward Lockwood, and a downstairs lounge mural by Archie Musick.</p><br>
<p>For the National Register of Historic Places, it was described as follows:</p><br>
<p>Its monolithic pueblo massing, its undisguised modern use of concrete, aluminum and glass; its southwestern details, its Native American designs abstracted into Art Deco ornamentation; its streamlined elegance; and its classical proportions - all result in a timeless character - with fundamental roots to the region and the time as well as manifesting an innovative architectural reflection of the building&#39;s underlying function, which is to preserve culture and to honor the contemporary.</p><br>
<p>It borders Monument Valley Park and has a view of Pikes Peak. It is near the city&#39;s business district, in a combined residential and office building zone, in the Colorado College campus. Its well-preserved state, reflects the initial building construction with maintenance and restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Arts center</h2><br>
<p>The multi-purpose center includes:</p><br>
<p>Art Museum - Several galleries, where the permanent collection of Southwest art is displayed, in addition to other permanent works as well as an annual calendar of curated and traveling shows.</p><br>
<p>The Fine Arts Center Theatre Company produces comedies, dramas and musicals. It also hosts music and dance events and film festivals.</p><br>
<p>Bemis School of Art offers art education to the local community, with classes for adults and children. Four times a year it holds free "Family Adventure Days".</p><br>
<p>A retail shop and lounge</p><br>
<p>Admission is free to members, students and teachers.</p><br>
<h3>Notable pieces and exhibits</h3><br>
<p>Dale Chihuly chandeliers.</p><br>
<p>One of the country&#39;s "strongest collections" of Native American, Latin American and Hispanic American art.</p><br>
<p>Notable artists within the FAC permanent collection include: John Singer Sargent, Georgia O&#39;Keeffe, Richard Diebenkorn, Walt Kuhn, and Ansel Adams.</p><br>
<h2>Theater</h2><br>
<p>The center was constructed with a performing arts theater. In 2006, the center was expanded by more than 48,000 square feet. A new wing was constructed adjacent to the Centers Bemis School of Art to add studio space for classrooms and rehearsal spaces for the theatre. A new building was constructed that provides additional exhibition space for the Centers museum. There are large expanses of gallery spaces reserved exclusively for American Indian, Latin American and American art. It was designed by architect David Tryba and built to American Alliance of Museums standards.</p><br>
<h2>Notable students</h2><br>
<p>Robert Beauchamp</p><br>
<p>Eric Bransby</p><br>
<p>James Duard Marshall</p><br>
<p>Veronica Helfensteller</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Homestead, located at 527 Washington Street, in the village of Newton Corner, in Newton, Massachusetts, is an historic house that served as a station on the Underground Railroad before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1809 in the Federal style by Timothy Jackson (1756–1814) on his family&#39;s farm. His son William Jackson (1783–1855) lived in it from 1820 until his death. William Jackson was an abolitionist and was active in politics on the local, state and national levels and served in the United States Congress from 1833 to 1837. The home was occupied by his family until 1932 when it was rented out. In 1949 it was given to the city of Newton and in 1950 the Newton History Museum was established there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1646, Edward Jackson bought a 500-acre farm which covered much of Newton Corner and Newtonville. In about 1670, he built a house on the side of east side of Smelt Brook, on the site of the present Homestead. The south-facing house was a saltbox: two stories in front and one at the back, originally 22 by 18 feet. There were two kitchens and a bedroom on the lower floor, two chambers on the second, and two further bedrooms in the attic. The house, which was never painted, either inside or out, took water from a well sheltered by a large elm tree. 17 feet were added to the house either by Edward&#39;s son Sebas or, later, by his grandson, Joseph. As was not uncommon, there were always two generations living in the house, and the addition was probably to provide for a second family.</p><br>
<p>In 1809, Major Timothy Jackson decided to replace the old homestead with "a fine house for the (modern) times". He designed and helped build a large, two-family house, hoping that his youngest son, Edmund, would possibly move into it if he married. The house was a great improvement on the original, featuring such improvements as an inside well, a laundry, storeroom and ell, magnificent fireplaces with huge mantelpieces, a great staircase and airy, small private bedchambers on the second floor, with a large, useful garrett extending on top of the entire house. Timothy Jackson had built what is now known today as the Jackson Homestead.</p><br>
<p>After Timothy Jr&#39;s death, his estate was divided among his sons. William Jackson struck deals with his brothers, buying the shares from Edmund and George, and made a "division" with Francis and Stephen, according to which they took the land to the south of Washington street and he received the homestead and everything to the north. Adjustments were made to the house, most notably the creation and splitting of bedrooms, to accommodate the large family, the house was painted yellow with the same cream trim and green shutters the Homestead has today, and central heating would eventually be installed in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>By the 1900s, the Jackson Homestead began using municipal water rather from their indoor well. Under the direction of Louise Keith, William&#39;s granddaughter, major renovations were carried out. Modern plumbing was installed in the bathroom and kitchen, all of which were connected to the city sewers. Wooden ceiling beams were reinforced with iron braces and seventy-six new panels of glass were installed. The interior of the house was repainted, and the exterior of the house was painted white for the first time.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Frances (Hatch) Paine, gave the homestead to the City of Newton for educational, recreational, and other public purposes. The Homestead became the CIty Museum, and a number of changes have been made, most notably the remodelling of the ell in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Jackson Homestead has transitioned into a museum known as the Jackson Homestead and Museum. It is operated by Historic Newton, whose mission is to "inspire discovery and engagement by illuminating our community&#39;s stories within the context of American history". The Jackson Homestead and Museum displays rotating and permanent exhibits about the history of Newton, Massachusetts, and the Underground Railroad. The Homestead is also home to the archives of Historic Newton.</p><br>
<p>On June 4, 1973, the Jackson Homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Echo Bridge is a historic masonry bridge spanning the Charles River between Needham to Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts, and Ellis Street in Newton. The bridge carries the Sudbury Aqueduct and foot traffic, and is located in the Hemlock Gorge Reservation. At the time of its construction in 1875–1877, it was the second longest masonry arch in the country.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and was named an American Water Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bridge crosses over Hemlock Gorge where the Charles River passes over the fall line in Newton Upper Falls. There are still old mill buildings in view from the bridge, but most of the gorge remains naturally overgrown with hemlocks. The bridge has two viewing locations, the pedestrian walk on top of the bridge and a platform underneath where visitors can hear the eponymous echoes. Views include white water, a waterfall and the hemlock-lined gorge. The 23 acre Hemlock Gorge Reservation including the gorge is maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The bridge is located just off Route 9 where it crosses Route 128. Despite being in the midst of a tangle of highways, the river itself is tree-lined and natural.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is 500 ft long, and consists of a series of seven arches. The longest of these, that crosses the Charles, has a span of 137 ft, and is a segmented arch with a radius of 69 ft and a crown of 51 ft. Five of the arches span 37 ft, while that spanning Ellis Street is 28 ft. At its crown the bridge is approximately 70 ft above the river. The bridge&#39;s foundations are made of granite resting on bedrock.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was closed to the public for much of 2006 to permit repairs of the railings, which were decaying and which do not meet modern safety codes. Because of the cost of rebuilding the historic railings, chain link fencing was installed on each side, allowing the bridge to be reopened. This fencing was later replaced by a set of modern railings inside the historic railings. Efforts are underway to secure funding to reconstruct the historic railings.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct, which has been serving only as an emergency backup for some years, was reactivated during a state of emergency declared on May 1, 2010. The line was used to carry clean water to parts of 38 communities affected by a catastrophic failure elsewhere in the MWRA system.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>21.5207&deg; latitude, -157.8373&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Established in 1850, Kualoa is a 4,000 acre private nature reserve and working cattle ranch, as well as a popular visitor attraction and filming location on the windward coast of Oahu in Hawaii, United States. It is about 24 miles from Waikiki, and 32 miles from Haleiwa. The ranch consists of 3 valleys: Kaaawa Valley, Kualoa Valley, and Hakipuu Valley. The ranch is located on Hawaii State Route 83 between Kaaawa and Waikane. The main street address is 49-560 Kamehameha Highway, Kāneohe, Hawaii 96744.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The valley was sacred to ancient Hawaiians from the 13th to the 18th century, as Chief Laa-mai-kahiki settled there after visiting Kauai before returning to Tahiti. It was also the site of the sacred drums of Kapahuula and Kaahuulapunawai as well as the sacred Hill of Kauakahiakahoowaha, the key to the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Oahu. As written in the Kumulipo, an ancient Hawaiian genealogical chant, Kualoa is where Papa and Wakea buried their first stillborn child, Haloa. It is said that the first kalo (taro) plant grew up from where Haloa was buried at Kualoa.</p><br>
<p>In 1850 an American doctor and missionary Dr. Gerrit P. Judd purchased 622 acres of ranch land at Kualoa for $1300, and also the island of Mokolii just offshore, from King Kamehameha III. Dr. Judd was the first person to translate medical journals into the Hawaiian language for King Kamehameha and so the king was very grateful for his works. In 1860 Dr. Judd bought a further 2200 acres. Then in 1880 Dr. Judd&#39;s son Charles bought another 1188 acres. Today there are about 4000 acres of land.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 Charles Judd and his brother-in-law Samuel Gardner Wilder started a sugarcane plantation and built a sugar mill at the ranch. Several years of low rainfall brought sugar farming to a close, and the mill closed in 1870. The ruins of the old sugar mill can still be seen along Kamehameha Highway.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 during World War II, the USA military occupied the land, which became the site of Kualoa Airfield. After the war the ranch was returned to the Morgan family, the owners who were descendants of Dr. Judd.</p><br>
<p>The entire ahupuaa (traditional land division of ancient Hawaii) was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu as the Kualoa Ahupuaa Historical District, site 74000718 on October 16, 1974.</p><br>
<p>From 1993 to 1998, the ranch hosted Hawaii&#39;s first major rock festival, the Big Mele, since the Diamond Head Crater Festivals held on New Years Day from 1969 to 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The property continues to be a working cattle ranch and is run by John Morgan from the island of Hawaii. Kualoa is open for guided tours and tours on horseback.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the ranch was raising shrimp and making it available, as local lunch cuisine, to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>More than 200 movies and TV shows have been filmed at Kualoa over the years, including George of the Jungle, Paradise, Hawaiian Style, Jurassic Park, Jurassic World, Mighty Joe Young, 50 First Dates, You, Me and Dupree, Hawaii Five-0, Magnum P.I., Pearl Harbor, Windtalkers, Fantasy Island, Godzilla, Kong: Skull Island, Jumanji, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, Snatched, and Lost.</p><br>
<p>The Secret Island, located within the ranch, served as the Finish Line for The Amazing Race 20, which aired on May 6, 2012. A few months later, Secret Island appeared as the site of a Pit Stop on the French version of The Amazing Race.</p><br>
<p>Barrancas National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at Naval Air Station Pensacola, in the city of Pensacola, Florida. It encompasses 94.9 acre, and as of 2021 had over 50,000 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area has been used as a burial ground since the construction of Fort Barrancas. In 1838 it was established as a United States Navy cemetery. During the Civil War, Pensacola was hotly contested, as it was considered to be the best port for access to the Gulf of Mexico. Numerous soldiers on both sides were interred in the cemetery after falling in combat, or dying in nearby hospitals. After the war, in 1868, Barrancas was officially made a National Cemetery and many other nearby makeshift burial grounds were disinterred and relocated to Barrancas. In each year, 1944, 1950, 1986, and 1990, more area was transferred from NAS Pensacola to expand the facilities for the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Barrancas National Cemetery has a monument honoring those soldiers who died from yellow fever. It was erected in 1884 by the Marine Guard of the Pensacola Navy Yard.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Colonel George E. "Bud" Day, USAF, former POW and recipient for action in the Vietnam War</p><br>
<p>Commander Clyde Everett Lassen, USN, recipient for action in the Vietnam War</p><br>
<p>Major Stephen W. Pless, USMC, recipient for action in the Vietnam War</p><br>
<p>Staff Sergeant Clifford Chester Sims, USA, recipient for action in the Vietnam War</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<p>Vice admiral Dick H. Guinn, USN, World War II veteran and Navy Cross recipient. Former Chief of Naval Personnel</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant General Robert P. Keller, USMC, Marine Aviator during World War II, Korea and Vietnam</p><br>
<p>General Joe W. Kelly, USAF, former commander of Military Air Transport Service from 1960 to 1964</p><br>
<p>Major General William L. McKittrick, USMC, Marine Aviator during World War II</p><br>
<p>Colonel Arthur D. Simons, USA, Special Forces commander and leader of the Sơn Tây raid</p><br>
<p>Benny Spellman (1931–2011), US Army Korean War veteran and R&B singer</p><br>
<p>Admiral Maurice F. Weisner, USN, former commander of US Pacific Command from 1976 to 1979</p><br>
<p>Daniel Phineas Woodbury (1812–1864), Civil War Union Major General</p><br>
<p>Ga-Ah, one of the many wives of the Apache Indian Geronimo, who died of Bright&#39;s disease while being held captive</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also holds 17 casualties of the Second Seminole War and 10 British aviators (6 Royal Navy, 4 Royal Air Force) killed during training at the Naval Air Station during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a Catholic Cathedral located in Camden in Camden County, New Jersey. It is the seat of the Diocese of Camden, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as the Church of the Immaculate Conception. Built in 1864, it was officially designated as a cathedral in 1937.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Parish</h3><br>
<p>The first Catholic priests to visit the area that is now Camden were Jesuit priests from Old St. Josephs Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They started to minister to Catholics in southern New Jersey in the 1740s where Catholicism was officially banned from being practiced. Masses and other services were celebrated in private homes. In 1796 the Augustinian priests from St. Augustine Church started ministering to Catholics in the region. They were followed sometime later by priests from the St. Marys Cathedral in Philadelphia who served Camden until the Diocese of Newark was established in 1853. Camden became a mission of the Catholic parish in Gloucester, which had received its first resident pastor in 1851. Mass was celebrated a couple times a months in Camden in private homes and in public halls. In 1852 the hall that was regularly used for Mass was destroyed in a fire set by Nativists.</p><br>
<p>The first resident priest assigned to Camden was the Rev. James Moran who established the Church of the Immaculate Conception in 1855. Starr&#39;s Hall continued to be used for a church. Property was purchased in 1857 at Fifth Street and Taylor Avenue for a new church. Ground was broken for the new structure on June 9, 1859. The first Mass was celebrated on October 9 and dedicated on November 5 of the same year. A rectory was added in 1861.</p><br>
<p>A private Catholic school was started by Sarah Fields in her home in 1859. It moved to the new church building after it was completed and became a parochial school. Initially the students were taught by lay teachers. A new school building was begun in 1871, but construction was halted during the financial panic of 1872–1873. Construction then resumed and the school building and convent were completed in 1874. That year the Sisters of St. Joseph from Chestnut Hill started teaching in the school. The Brothers of the Holy Cross taught the boys from 1881 to 1892. A house was built for them and was completed in 1882. The Sisters of St. Joseph were replaced by the Sisters of Mercy from Bordentown, New Jersey in 1885. The school has subsequently been closed.</p><br>
<p>As Irish immigration accelerated the church building became too small. Property for the present church was bought in 1864 for $7,500. Jeremiah ORourke from Newark was chosen as the architect. The cornerstone was laid by the Rev. Bernard McQuaid, then Vicar General of the Newark Diocese, on October 23, 1864. The church was built of stone and measured 60 by 165 feet. Though unfinished, the first Mass was celebrated in the church in July 1866. The old church was sold on August 20, 1868, and it housed a factory unit it was sold again and became a meeting hall for the Grand Army of the Republic. The church was not completed until 1888 when the tower and spire were completed. The interior was also extensively renovated in 1890 when the marble altars were added. The church was consecrated on May 27, 1893, by Bishop Michael J. OFarrell.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the German Catholics who immigrated to Camden formed their own parish from Immaculate Conception, Saints Peter and Paul. Camden became part of the Diocese of Trenton when it was established in 1881. The rectory, which had been built in 1861, was expanded in 1882. Sacred Heart Parish was established in 1885 from Immaculate Conception at a chapel that had been built in 1872.</p><br>
<h3>Cathedral</h3><br>
<p>As the number of Catholics continued to increase in South Jersey, Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Camden on December 9, 1937. The Church of the Immaculate Conception became the cathedral church for the new diocese at this time. The dioceses first bishop, Bartholomew J. Eustace, was installed on May 4, 1938. The number of Catholics continued to increase in the diocese and Immaculate Conceptions rather modest size necessitated St. Joseph&#39;s Church being named a pro-cathedral in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Demographic changes in the late 20th and early 21st century necessitated changes to the parishes in Camden. On April 4, 2008, Bishop Joseph Galante announced that the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception would merge with Holy Name and Our Lady of Mount Carmel & Fatima parishes in Camden. The cathedral was designated as the primary worship site with a secondary worship site at Our Lady of Mount Carmel & Fatima.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Governors Mansion  is the official residence of the governor of Illinois. It is located in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, near the Illinois State Capitol building, and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site. The Italianate-style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel with a modified I-shaped configuration with a long central section stretching front to back. The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is one of the oldest historic residences in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously occupied governors mansions in the United States. In 1898 alterations to the exterior added neoclassical elements. In 1972, the Illinois Governor&#39;s Mansion Association was founded as a charitable corporation to assist in the maintenance and programming at the mansion. The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>During the Christmas season the mansion is decorated lavishly with Christmas decorations, including over a dozen Christmas trees. While used for state functions such as state dinners and meetings, the mansion is also a house museum open to the public. The public libraries, bedrooms, parlors, sitting rooms, etc., are maintained in the style of the 19th century, blended with some later and modern pieces. The governor and his family are not required to reside in the mansion, although a 7-room private apartment on the second floor of the mansion is provided for the governor and his family.</p><br>
<p>Governor George Ryan and First Lady Lura Lynn Ryan refurbished much of the mansion&#39;s furniture during their 1999 - 2003 tenure using private donations. In 2011, a multimillion-dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The 2014 polar vortex led to significant water damage to the mansion, and Governor Pat Quinn, who chose to live in the mansion part-time, allocated about $40,000 in emergency repairs. Shortly after his election as governor, Bruce Rauner announced that he and his wife would invest some of their money into repairing the mansion so they could live in it during his term. The work was completed for the Illinois bicentennial in 2018.</p><br>
<p>Governor Rauner signed an executive order renaming the Executive Mansion, the Illinois Governor&#39;s Mansion, which became effective July 1, 2018. The renovated mansion includes a new visitor center, and made the mansion compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act.</p><br>
<p>Using private funds, additional renovations to guest rooms, fixtures, and plumbing were done in fall 2019. In 2023, First Lady M.K. Pritzker, with the help of designer Michael S. Smith, completed an updated refurbishment of the interior and they published a book detailing the homes history, architecture and design with Rizzoli, A House That Made History: The Illinois Governors Mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Sergeant Floyd Monument is a monument on the Missouri River at Floyd&#39;s Bluff in Sioux City, Iowa, US. The monument honors Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, who died on the upstream voyage in 1804 and was buried here.</p><br>
<p>The monument is the first designated National Historic Landmark of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Floyd (1782–1804) was a United States explorer, a non-commissioned officer and quartermaster in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. A native of Kentucky, he was a relative of William Clark. He was one of the first men to join the expedition.</p><br>
<p>While exploring the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark, Floyd took ill at the end of July 1804. On July 31, Floyd wrote in his diary, "I am very sick and has been for sometime but have recovered my health again." However, this apparent recovery was soon followed by a severe turn for the worse. William Clark described his colleagues death as one "with a great deal of composure", and said that before Floyd died, he told Clark: "I am going away. I want you to write me a letter." The sergeant died on August 20. The expedition held a funeral and buried Floyd on a bluff overlooking the Missouri River; they named it Floyds Bluff in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Clark diagnosed Floyds illness as bilious colic, though modern doctors and historians agree Floyds death was more likely to have been caused by a ruptured appendix. The brief "recovery" Floyd described may have represented the temporary relief afforded by the bursting of the organ, which would have been followed by a fatal peritonitis. In those days, appendicitis was almost invariably fatal; while appendectomies had been performed as early as 1735, they were extremely hazardous and agonizing, and unfamiliar to most doctors of the era.</p><br>
<p>By 1857, erosion had caused much of Floyds grave—even the original cedar post marker left by the crew of the expedition—to slide into the river and wash away. Concerned citizens rescued most of his skeleton, including his skull, and re-buried it 200 meters east of the original burial site. A forensic reconstruction of Sgt. Floyds probable facial appearance based on a plaster cast of his skull is on display at the Sergeant Floyd Riverboat Museum in Sioux City.</p><br>
<p>After Floyd&#39;s expedition journal was published in 1894, new interest was taken in him and his remains were buried again on August 20, 1895, the anniversary of his death. Sioux City residents Thomas J. Stone, John H. Charles, George D. Perkins, C. R. Marks, and G. W. Wakefield established the Floyd Association to erect a monument. It took five years to raise $20,000 and development began in May 1900 with the pouring of a concrete base.</p><br>
<p>The Floyd Monument is now within a 23 acre park that overlooks the Missouri River valley. Floyd&#39;s final resting place is located on old USA Highway 75, in the southern part of Sioux City, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The Tome School is a private school in North East in Cecil County in the USA state of Maryland. Founded in 1894 by Jacob Tome, it is one of the oldest schools in Maryland. It enrolls grades K–12. As of September 2024, the Head of School is Jim Orndorff.</p><br>
<p>The school was founded as the Tome School for Boys in nearby Port Deposit. That campus, now owned by the Bainbridge Development Corporation, is no longer in operation and is closed to the public. Since the 2010s, several of its buildings have been damaged or destroyed by vandals, and the company has installed security cameras and taken other measures to keep trespassers off the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Port Deposit</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, Jacob Tome (1810–1898)—a wealthy railroad and timber magnate who had served in the Maryland State Senate—decided to open a nonsectarian college preparatory school for boys. He founded the Tome School for Boys on Main Street in Port Deposit, Maryland, on the east bank of the Susquehanna River. It opened for boarders and received its first students in 1894. It was part of a system of schools collectively known as the Jacob Tome Institute that began with kindergarten and extended through high school. Situated in the northeast corner of the state, the Tome School was immediately popular, attracting almost all the students from the town of Port Deposit and many from outside, throughout Maryland, Pennsylvania, and neighboring states.</p><br>
<p>Tome left the school an endowment at his death in 1898. Under the direction of his widow, Evalyn N. Tome, the Board of Trustees hired Scottish immigrant James Cameron Mackenzie (1852–1931) to direct the school. MacKenzie, one of the most important late 19th-century secondary school educators, proposed using the endowment to create a separate upper-level boarding school for boys. Two hundred acres on the bluff above the town and the broad and picturesque Susquehanna River were purchased for this purpose. MacKenzie in turn consulted with Robert Swain Peabody (1845–1917), of the prominent Boston architectural firm of Peabody & Stearns, concerning the design of the new Jacob Tome Institute.</p><br>
<p>Following a design competition in 1900, supervised by Peabody, the Board of Trustees selected designs in the then-popular Beaux-arts architectural style by partner architects William Boring (1859–1937) and Edward Lippincott Tilton (1861–1933), co-designers of the USA immigration station at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Olmsted selected landscape architect Charles Wellford Leavitt (1871–1928) to design the schools gardens. Erika L. Quesenbery, author of United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, wrote that Memorial Hall was the schools "centerpiece".</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Tome played football annually against Baltimore City College, the third-oldest public high school in America, founded 1839, and with an interscholastic football team program dating back to the 1880s and had several other schools and colleges on its schedule. The rivalry was fairly even. The Citys Collegians beat Tome 5–0 in 1903 and 11–8 in 1904, but Tome won 32–0 in 1912 and 37–0 in 1915. Other rivalries also were versus the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, the mathematics/science/technology public high school, established 1883 that was also City Colleges arch-rival. These were the few other public secondary schools, in addition to several other private or religious schools, institutes and academies in the region offering worthy sports and academic competition.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, school director Abram W. Harris, along with Phi Beta Kappa members on the Tome School faculty, organized Alpha Delta Tau fraternity, which later became the Cum Laude Society.</p><br>
<p>The school enjoyed a prestigious reputation for a number of years. Its students included R. J. Reynolds, Jr., a son of R. J. Reynolds; and children of the Mellon and Carnegie families.</p><br>
<h3>United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge</h3><br>
<p>After thriving for several decades, the Jacob Tome Institute fell into difficult financial straits during the Great Depression of the 1930s and closed in 1941. The following year, just after the United States entered World War II, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt approved the acquisition by condemnation of the property and land from 70 surrounding farms for use by the United States Navy as a training center. The institute&#39;s buildings were renovated for use by the Naval Academy Preparatory School to prepare future midshipmen for the USA Naval Academy further south at Annapolis, Maryland. On October 1, 1942, United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge—named for early-19th-century naval hero William Bainbridge—was activated. The training center operated through World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War, graduating more than 500,000 recruits before it closed on March 31, 1976.</p><br>
<p>From 1979 to 1991, the campus was occupied by the Susquehanna Job Corps Center. In 2000, the site was transferred to the State of Maryland, which subsequently turned it over to the Bainbridge Development Corporation, a quasi-government corporation.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the Tome School moved back to its original site on Main Street in Port Deposit. In 1971, the Tome School moved to a new, hundred-acre campus in North East, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the school property and buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 1984.</p><br>
<h3>Damages</h3><br>
<p>Several of the old Tome School for Boys campus buildings have been damaged or destroyed by arsonists and trespassers.</p><br>
<p>On September 21, 2014, a fire damaged the old campus&#39; Memorial Hall, destroying its clock tower. Only the granite structure remains.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, a local newspaper wrote of the old campus that Van Buren, Madison, and Monroe Halls remain, while the headmaster&#39;s house "is badly vandalized but standing", and Jackson Hall "like Memorial Hall, is a burned-out hulk."</p><br>
<p>In 2019, 11 people—all 15 to 18 years old—were spotted by the acting Port Deposit police chief on the property. They were subsequently arrested and charged with trespassing.</p><br>
<p>On May 6, 2020, a fire burned the former Inn to the ground.</p><br>
<p>The Bainbridge Development Corporation has since installed a security system that is "fully wireless and solar powered" with "cameras at key points on the property, monitoring 24/7." As of September 2022, the company was installing 100 "No Trespassing” signs.</p><br>
<h2>Academics</h2><br>
<p>The co-educational school enrolls students from kindergarten through twelfth grade. The curriculum provides a broad liberal arts education in an environment emphasizing academic success, high standards of personal behavior, and full participation in school life. The student body is divided among three schools:</p><br>
<p>Lower School (K-4). Students begin French and Spanish language study in first grade.</p><br>
<p>Middle School (5-8). Students are required to take Latin study in the seventh grade through eighth grade.</p><br>
<p>Upper School (9-12). Students concentrate on a traditional college prep academic program.</p><br>
<h2>Extracurricular activities</h2><br>
<p>Varsity sports: basketball, soccer, lacrosse, cross country, tennis, volleyball, field hockey, softball, baseball, golf, and cheerleading.</p><br>
<p>Junior varsity sports: basketball, soccer, cross country, field hockey, volleyball, and tennis.</p><br>
<p>Organizations and clubs: National Honor Society, Junior National Honor Society, Key Club, Builders Club, Middle School Chorus, Orchestra, Student Government, Chess Club, Environmental Club, Envirothon Team, and Student Literary Magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni, faculty, and staff</h2><br>
<p>Abner Biberman: actor, director, and screenwriter</p><br>
<p>Thomas Baker: president of Carnegie Institute of Technology</p><br>
<p>John B. Breckinridge: Attorney General of Kentucky and USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Harry A. Cantwell (died 1972), physician and member of the Maryland Senate</p><br>
<p>Forrest Craver: football head coach, director of sports</p><br>
<p>Kent Curtis: American novelist, illustrator, composer, yachtsman, and teacher</p><br>
<p>James Devereux: United States Marine Corps general, Navy Cross recipient, and USA Representative from Maryland</p><br>
<p>Eric P. Hamp: linguist</p><br>
<p>William S. James: Maryland state legislator and Treasurer</p><br>
<p>Harry LeGore: American football and baseball player, Maryland state legislator and businessman</p><br>
<p>John H. Kimble (died 1938), treasurer of Tome School, member of the Maryland House of Delegates</p><br>
<p>Norman T. Kirk: Surgeon General of the United States Army</p><br>
<p>Jim Meade: American football player and coach</p><br>
<p>James Rouse: founder of The Rouse Company, attended for one year</p><br>
<p>Lansdale Sasscer: USA Representative from Maryland</p><br>
<p>Milward Simpson (1897–1993), class of 1917, USA Senator and as the 23rd Governor of Wyoming</p><br>
<p>Ayr Mount is a Federal style plantation house located east of Hillsborough, in Orange County, North Carolina, the United States of America.</p><br>
<p>In 1799, William Kirkland (born in Ayr, Scotland) bought 500 acre east of Hillsborough. Circa 1815, he had a home built for himself, his wife, Margaret, and their children, a brick dwelling with a two-story, three-bay main block flanked by one-story, two-bay wings. A full-width front porch, added about 1894, was removed sometime after 1971 and replaced with a facsimile of the original porch.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Samuel (Emily) Kirkland, the last of four generations of Kirklands to occupy the house, lived there until 1985.</p><br>
<p>The property had gone through several owners prior to Kirkland&#39;s purchase of the property, the most well-known being William Few, Jr., whose father, William Few, Sr., had a house built on the property c. 1764.</p><br>
<p>Today, Ayr Mount is a publicly accessible historic site located on 265 acre. It is owned and operated by Classical American Homes Preservation Trust. The home has been furnished with Federal period antiques and decorative art, including some original Kirkland furnishings. Ayr Mount features guided house tours and the one-mile (1.6 km) hiking trail the "Poet&#39;s Walk."</p><br>
<p>Healy Hall is a National Historic Landmark and the flagship building of the main campus of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., United States. Constructed between 1877 and 1879, the hall was designed by Paul J. Pelz and John L. Smithmeyer, both of whom also designed the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress. The structure is named after Patrick Francis Healy, who was the President of Georgetown University at the time.</p><br>
<p>Healy Hall serves as the main administrative and reception venue of Georgetown, with some portions still being used as classrooms. The building includes Riggs Library, one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation, as well as the elaborate Gaston Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Motivation</h3><br>
<p>In 1873, Patrick Francis Healy became the president of Georgetown University. Soon after entering office, he articulated to the Superior General of the Jesuit order, Peter Jan Beckx, his vision of transforming Georgetown from a college into a true university. This coincided with prominent Catholics calling for the creation of a great Catholic university in the United States, on par with other large American universities established around this time. Healys transformation involved broadening the schools curriculum and raising the standards of the Law School and School of Medicine.</p><br>
<p>The two planned for the construction of several new buildings, which would contain classrooms, laboratories, a library, a chapel, and a dormitory for the older students. However, Beckx withheld approval of any new construction until Healy could demonstrate that Georgetown had the means to finance such a project. As time passed, the initial plan for several new buildings developed into a plan to build one grand building.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Healy initially consulted Patrick C. Keely, a church architect from New York, about designing the new building. However, he decided it was better to hire an architect closer to Georgetown, and in fall 1874, he selected John L. Smithmeyer and his associate, Paul J. Pelz, who would later design the Library of Congress Building.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the building were first submitted in December 1875. They called for a building measuring 312 ft in length and 95 ft in width. Beckx considered the planned building too large and ornate, and thought the projected cost was an underestimate. Nonetheless, he approved the project that year, on the condition that total expenses not exceed $100,000, equivalent to $ in.</p><br>
<p>In April 1877, ground was broken on the foundation, which was completed in October.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the building, from 1877 to 1879, dramatically increased the amount of classroom and living space—at the time, it was also used as a dormitory—of what was then a small liberal arts college. Prior to its construction, Old North housed most of the college&#39;s classrooms, dormitories, and other facilities. The construction also left the university deeply in debt and in possession for years of an enormous pile of dirt as a result of the excavation, with no funds to remove it. As a result of the debts, the Gaston Hall auditorium could not be completed until 1909.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1964, on the National Register of Historic Places on May 25, 1971, and as a National Historic Landmark on December 23, 1987. In addition, it is a contributing property of the Georgetown Historic District, which was listed as a National Historic Landmark District on May 28, 1967.</p><br>
<p>The building was brought to national attention in 1973 when it acted as a prominent background for the film The Exorcist. In 1990 the interior hall and also the second story of the building featured in The Exorcist III.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of Healy Hall has been described as both Neo-Romanesque and High Victorian Gothic in style. Of this latter style, it is considered one of the last large scale examples in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in a Neo-Medieval style that combines elements of Romanesque, Early Gothic, Late Gothic and Early Renaissance, the building contains the Office of the President; Georgetown&#39;s Department of Classics; the Kennedy Institute of Ethics; and the.</p><br>
<p>Notable rooms in Healy include Riggs Library, one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation; the Philodemic Room, the meeting room for the Philodemic Society, one of the oldest collegiate debating clubs in the nation; the grand Hall of Cardinals; the historic Constitution Room; and the Carroll Parlor, which houses several notable pieces from the university&#39;s art collection.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the grandest space in the building is Gaston Hall, Georgetowns "Jewel in the Crown", the 750-seat auditorium which has played host to multitudes of world leaders. Gaston Hall, located on the third and fourth floors and named for Georgetowns first student, William Gaston, is decorated with the coats of arms of the Jesuit colleges and universities and rich allegorical scenes painted by notable Jesuit artist Brother Francis C. Schroen. Schroen also created the intricate paintings found in the Carroll Parlor and on the ceiling of the Bioethics Reference Center&#39;s Hirst Reading Room.</p><br>
<p>Healy Hall rises to a height of 200 ft, making it the tied with 700 Eleventh Street as the sixth tallest building in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>Clock hands</h2><br>
<p>The hands of the Healy Clock Tower have been subjected to many thefts, as per the university tradition. Historically, students would steal the hands and mail them to the person they wished to visit the campus, most notably sent to the Vatican, where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II and then returned to the university. One such incident caused significant damage to the clock mechanism, however, and security has been increased as a result in recent years, decreasing the incidence of the theft. These measures have not prevented students from successfully obtaining the hands however, as they are captured every five to six years. In May of 1997, three students calling themselves "The Explorers" stole the clocktower hands and later returned them to Georgetown University President Father O&#39;Donovan and sent a letter to The Hoya claiming responsibility for the heist and encouraging future Hoyas to "keep the spirit of pranksterism alive at Georgetown." In the fall of 2005 the hands were stolen by Drew Hamblen (SFS ’07) and Wyatt Gjullin (COL ’09). The hands were stolen once again during the evening between April 29 and April 30, 2012, and supposedly sent to Barack Obama but the hands ended up lost in the mail. More recently, the clock hands were stolen during the evening between December 9th and December 10th, 2014, and again sometime during the night of April 30, 2017. The hands were stolen and subsequently retrieved on May 8, 2023.</p><br>
<p>Dean M. Carignan (SFS &#39;91) has written of his stealing the clock hands during his freshman year. On April 1, 1988, Carignan and a fellow student accessed the clock through "a metal plate set into the roof at the base of the clocktower." Eventually tracked down by campus security, Carignan and his Georgetown accomplice were sentenced by a university discipline panel to "an $800 fine, a 40-hour work sanction, a year of probation."</p><br>
<p>The writer Joseph Bottum has also published an account of stealing the clock hands. In the Fall of 1977, Bottum joined Stan DeTurris, Dave Barry, and Pat Conway (all freshmen in the class of ’81) to climb through a trap door on the north peak of Healy, above Gaston Hall, and steal the hands from the east face of the clock, returning them at the end of the school year to the university president, Fr. Timothy Healy, S.J. The next year, Bottum writes, he and DeTurris found another way into the attics of Healy Hall, crawling through the ducts above Riggs Library to steal the minute hands from both the east and west clock faces.</p><br>
<h2>Riggs Library</h2><br>
<p>Riggs Library was the main library of Georgetown University from 1891 to 1970, until being replaced by Lauinger Library. It is housed in the south tower of Healy Hall, on the third floor. Riggs Library is one of the few extant cast-iron libraries in the nation. The library still serves its original function of storing books despite its primary use as a formal event space. The library&#39;s construction was funded by E. Francis Riggs as a memorial to his father and brother, and was supervised by architect Paul Pelz, who designed Healy Hall and the Library of Congress, although Riggs did not open until a full decade after Healy Hall opened for use.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Michigan Theatre at 124 North Mechanic Street in Jackson, Michigan opened in 1930 and was designed by Maurice Herman Finkel. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1980, and is undergoing renovations as of 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Michigan Theatre began in 1928, as part of Col. W. S. Butterfield&#39;s theatre chain. The theater was designed by Detroit architect Maurice Finkel. It is reported that the design incorporated a narrow commercial block already extant on Mechanic Street to house the entry.</p><br>
<p>The original owner of the theater, Butterfield Theatres, maintained the theater until business ceased in 1978. The Michigan Theatre of Jackson, Incorporated acquired the theater from the city of Jackson on August 24, 1993. The non-profit corporation continues to restore the building, receiving a Michigan Historic Preservation Award in 2012 for its restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>Today the theater brings in classic films, art films, live theater productions, concerts, meetings, and other community events. When the restoration is finished, the theater will attract tourists to downtown Jackson and help the local economy. In 2012 The Michigan Theatre hosted over 300 events and continues to thrive via generous donations from many and excellence in programming.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Michigan Theatre consists of an auditorium building, located sixty feet from Mechanic Street, and a narrow entrance block that connects to the street. The entrance block is a three-story structure, sixty feet deep and about twenty-five feet wide, faced with yellow terra cotta tiles. The facade has two paired Italian Romanesque-inspired windows and a Spanish Baroque tower with a red tile roof. A marquee, likely dating from the 1940s, hangs above the entrance. The block contains outer and inner lobbies, and a concession counter, on the first floor. There is office space on the second floor and a third-floor apartment, originally for the theater manager. The auditorium building is red brick, containing the auditorium measuring approximately 100 feet by 65 feet. It seats approximately 1600 people on the main floor and a deep balcony above.</p><br>
<p>Fort Howell is an earthworks fort built in 1864 during the American Civil War, located on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. It was named in honor of Union Army Brigadier General Joshua B. Howell, and Its primary function was to protect Mitchelville, a Freedman&#39;s town located to its east.</p><br>
<p>It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on June 15, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Current Condition</h2><br>
<p>Fort Howell, an essentially pentagonal enclosure constructed of built-up earth, is quite discernible despite natural erosion and the growth of trees and other vegetation over a period of almost 150 years. Today, it is an historic site that is open to the public with adjacent areas for parking and several interpretive signs. There is a kiosk with signage which explains the history surrounding the Fort. Metal figures representing soldiers and others, created by local artist, Mary Ann Ford, are placed about the grounds. Admission is free and the Fort is open from dawn to dusk. Additionally, guided tours are provided in partnership between the and the.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Howell is an earthworks fort built in 1864 during the American Civil War by the 32nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment (Union) from Pennsylvania and the 144th New York Infantry - regiments belonging to the Hilton Head District, Department of the South, United States Army. It was constructed from late August or early September to mid-October 1864, using shovels, spades, picks, and axes, and working under the supervision of Captain Patrick McGuire of Company A, 1st New York Engineers and the officers and enlisted men of several companies of that regiment. It was built as a semi-permanent fort designed to be manned by artillerymen serving a variety of garrison, siege, or "seacoast" artillery pieces. Intended to protect the approaches to the nearby freedman&#39;s village of Mitchelville, it was constructed on an open site just southwest of the settlement, likely on a recently logged site or a fallow cotton field.</p><br>
<p>The Fort was designed to hold as many as 27 guns, 16 of them grouped in barbette batteries firing from wooden platforms over the parapet wall, and 11 of them grouped in embrasure batteries firing through openings in the parapet wall. Intended to protect the approaches to the nearby freedmen&#39;s village of Mitchelville, it was constructed on an open site just southwest of the settlement, likely on a recently logged site or a fallow cotton field, and covers more than 3 acres of land.</p><br>
<p>While the Fort saw no action, it served as a testament to the excellent skills of Chief Engineer and Captain Charles Suter, and military engineering exhibited by the men of the day as a permanent and defensible earthwork fort. The exterior of the fort featured a moat and wooden palisade - sharpened logs driven into the ground to slow advancing troops. The area directly adjacent to the fort walls was further protected by guns mounted in bastions.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Two Federal regiments, one African-American (the 32nd United States Colored Infantry), and one white (the 144th New York Infantry), built this field fortification as a significant late-war addition to the defenses of Hilton Head, part of the Hilton Head District, Department of the South.</p><br>
<p>On 18 August 1864, the day after he ordered Suter to begin designing and building the fort near Mitchelville, Foster ordered Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig, commanding the Northern District (Morris Island, Folly Island, and Little Folly Island) to send one of his white regiments “to go north,” and to send the 32nd United States Colored Infantry to Hilton Head Island. The next day Brig. Gen. Edward E. Potter, commanding the Hilton Head District, ordered Col. George W. Baird of the 32nd United States Colored Infantry to move his regiment “to a point just beyond Mitchelville and encamp on ground which will be designated by Capt. Suter Chief Engineer Dept. South near which a work is to be constructed under his direction.” Potter&#39;s instructions were specific: “The 32nd USAC.T. will be charged with the construction of this work and will furnish daily as large a detail for this purpose as the strength of the Regiment will permit. The working parties will report to the Engineer Officer superintending the construction.”</p><br>
<p>Fatigue details from the 32nd United States Colored Infantry, camped nearby at Camp Baird (named for their colonel) did most of the construction from late August or early September to mid-October 1864, using shovels, spades, picks, and axes, and working under the supervision of Captain Patrick McGuire of Company A, 1st New York Engineers (Serrell&#39;s Engineers) and the officers and enlisted men of several companies of that regiment.</p><br>
<p>The 32nd United States Colored Infantry numbered approximately 500 officers and men, with white commissioned officers and black noncommissioned officers and other enlisted men, as was standard practice with black regiments in the United States Army during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Its work on the fort was slowed and complicated somewhat by its officers’ apparent reluctance to assign sufficient men to the task, and by its soldiers’ apparent reluctance toward or inability to perform the hard labor necessary to complete it. It was common for Federal commanders to assign their black units to fatigue duty, and especially to employ them to build or improve of field fortifications. In this way they could “save” their white units for combat. Officers in the Department of the South were no exception. Captain Joseph Walker of the 1st New York Engineers, who supervised black troops working on the fortifications of Morris Island in 1863, expressed a view typical of many Federal officers when he wrote that African-American soldiers “have great constancy.... Their status is mediocrity, and this uniformity and mediocrity, for military fatigue duty, I think answers best.”</p><br>
<p>The white officers and black enlisted men of the United States Colored Troops, however, often protested such treatment, sometimes informally, and sometimes in writing. African-American soldiers and their white officers often resented their being assigned to tasks that white units were ordered to do less frequently, and especially so in the case of building field fortifications, when the example of slaves being made to construct them for the Confederates was such an obvious parallel to their status as blacks, even as free men, in the United States Army.</p><br>
<p>One of the most eloquent protests over excessive fatigue duty was that written by Private Nimrod Rowley of the 20th United States Colored Infantry, serving in Louisiana, to Abraham Lincoln in August 1864. Rowley, weary of working in “one of the most horable swamps in Louisiana stinking and misery,” addressed his appeal to “My Dear Friend and x Pre” about the same time the 32nd United States Colored Infantry began building Fort Howell on Hilton Head Island. Rowley wrote Lincoln, we are treated in a Different maner to what others Rigiments is Both Northern men or Southern Raised Rigiment Instead of the Musket It is the Spad and the Whelbarrow and the Axe.</p><br>
<p>As for the work of constructing Fort Howell that fall, McGuire reported more than once that between 250 and 300 members of the 32nd United States Colored Infantry were typically assigned to guard duty either in their camp or in Mitchelville for the day, performing a non-essential duty, but only 150 to 200 of them were typically assigned to work on the fort for the day. McGuire and Suter, however, expected a daily average of 250 to 300 men working on the fort out of a total strength of about 450-500 available, and were frustrated by their inability to form larger work details. On 2 September Suter wrote Potter, commanding the Hilton Head District, about the problem. “I think that a regiment of this size ought to furnish at least from 250 to 300 for duty and in this I think you will agree with me. Their camp guard for instance is absurdly large.”</p><br>
<p>On 3 October Foster wrote Rear-Admiral John A. Dahlgren of the United States Navy, commanding the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, proposing that the army remove the garrison then at Fort Seward, at Bay Point on Phillips Island opposite Fort Welles. Fort Seward, originally a Confederate earthwork built in 1861 and named for Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard (1818-1893), had been renamed for United States Secretary of State William H. Seward (1801-1872) by the Federals after the Battle of Port Royal Sound. On 8 June Suter had reported to Foster&#39;s predecessor Hatch that Fort Seward then held 13 guns, but his report did not specify their types or sizes.</p><br>
<p>Foster suggested turning the fort over to Dahlgren and the Navy after removing the guns and carriages, which he believed “will be of value to me in arming the new field forts at this place and Beaufort.” Dahlgren quickly agreed to Foster&#39;s proposal, and Foster indorsed it with the comment, “The guns are to be used to arm Forts Sherman, Howell, and Stevens, the selection of the guns for each being made by Captain Suter. The present garrison of Fort Seward will help dismount and load the guns, and will then rejoin their regiment.”</p><br>
<p>By mid-October the 32nd United States Colored Infantry was split up, with its companies ordered to various points on Hilton Head Island and elsewhere in the Department of the South. Companies began leaving Camp Baird and Fort Howell on 14 October, and by 31 October regimental headquarters was at Seabrook&#39;s Plantation, overlooking Skull Creek between Hilton Head Island and Pinckney Island, northwest of Fort Howell and near Fort Mitchel / Battery Mitchel.</p><br>
<p>On 28 October Foster reported to Halleck, “matters remain about the same. The works on the fortifications are being pushed forward as rapidly as possible.” On 8 November, he reported, “everything remains in a quiet state, the troops being occupied in strengthening and improving the defenses and drilling.”</p><br>
<p>Fatigue details from the 144th New York Infantry, which had been ordered to report to the “camp for instruction for colored troops” on Hilton Head Island on 9 June, completed the fort from mid-October to late November 1864, also under the supervision of the 1st New York Engineers. There is also some evidence that the regiment was camped near, or perhaps at, the completed fort, and guarding a camp of Confederate prisoners of war in the vicinity of Fort Howell in the winter of 1864–1865.</p><br>
<p>Fort Howell never saw action, for by the time it was completed near the end of 1864 the Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida lacked the forces to offer much of a significant threat to the Federal presence on Hilton Head Island—or elsewhere in the state, for that matter. One of the last engagements of any real note in the South Carolina lowcountry occurred on 30 November 1864 at Honey Hill, in present-day Jasper County, when a Federal expedition—including both the 32nd United States Colored Infantry and the 144th New York Infantry—attempted to cut the Charleston and Savannah Railroad but was repulsed by Confederate defenders.</p><br>
<h2>Engineering</h2><br>
<p>Fort Howell is one of the most intact and best preserved Civil War field fortifications in South Carolina, and is particularly significant as a fine example of a sophisticated Federal earthwork built in an area occupied by the United States Army for an extended period. Federal field fortifications of this size and complexity are rare in a state in which most surviving earthworks, whether temporary or semi-permanent, were constructed by the Confederate States Army near the coast, either on major sea islands near Charleston such as James Island or John&#39;s Island in present-day Charleston County, or in the interior protecting the line of the strategic Charleston and Savannah Railroad in present-day Beaufort, Charleston, Colleton, and Jasper Counties.</p><br>
<p>This fort is an outstanding example of the larger semi-permanent earthworks designed by United States Army engineers and intended to be significant defensive positions, usually standing alone but sometimes built in conjunction with and cooperating with a system of linear field fortifications manned by infantry. The standard field fortification of the war followed a pattern established by Professor Dennis Hart Mahan of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, who was considered the leading American authority on military engineering. Mahan&#39;s A Complete Treatise of Field Fortifications, first published in 1836 and revised and reprinted several times before and during the Civil War, was based in part on European models, most of them French, of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.</p><br>
<p>While its method of construction—built-up earth, reinforced by wooden timbers and supplemented by wooden platforms as necessary—was typical of field fortifications for infantry and artillery alike, its design was necessarily more elaborate than those manned by infantry, as it was intended to maximize the effectiveness of an artillery fortification whose guns were fixed, or essentially so. Though designed by engineers, it was constructed by infantrymen under their supervision.</p><br>
<p>It features an essentially pentagonal form with two bastions and a priest-cap, four magazines, and emplacements for mounting up to 27 guns, 16 of them garrison guns (also called “seacoast” or siege guns) but the other 11 of them field guns.</p><br>
<p>Alpine County Courthouse is a building built in 1928 in Markleeville, California. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the courthouse was laid in June 1928. The courthouse opened in September of the same year. The cost of building the structure was $75,000. Over the years, the courthouse served as the superior and municipal court for Alpine County, the district attorneys office, the sheriffs office, and the probation department.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was constructed of a light cream colored massive rhyolite tuff which was quarried above nearby Silver Mountain City. Other stone used in the structure was taken from the ruins of the jail of Silver Creek in Plumas County. Designed by prolific Nevada architect Frederic Joseph DeLongchamps, the building was originally intended to be a two-story structure but financial considerations limited it to one story.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the basement of the courthouse was remodeled to provide additional storage space. The remodeling was overseen by Fenwick Irwin. In 1987, footage from the CBS show High Mountain Rangers was shot at the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Alpine County courthouse is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Pardee Home is a house in Oakland, California. It was the home of three generations of the Pardee family. It is now a non-profit museum showing over 100 years of the life of a prominent California family. The house, a well-preserved example of Italianate architecture, is a city landmark, a California Historical Landmark, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1868 by California State Senator Enoch H. Pardee. His son, George Pardee, a Governor of California, also inhabited the house, inheriting it after his fathers death. After Georges death in 1941, it passed on to his two daughters, Madeline and Helen (the same name as her mother), who lived in the house until their deaths in 1980 and 1981 respectively.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house is the main attraction of the museum. George&#39;s wife Helen collected knick-knacks from all over the world, including scrimshaw from Alaska, tobacco pipes from the Philippines, and a giant elk head. She was fond of giving house tours to show off her collection. All of the furnishings are original and the house looks as it did in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The original carriage house and stable are still standing and the entire complex is part of Oakland&#39;s Preservation Park Historic District. The house was to be demolished for the construction of Interstate 980, but conservationists were able to save the building. It opened as a public museum in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal was built by a corporation in 1856-1860 to afford inland navigation between the Chesapeake Bay and the Albemarle Sound. It is really two canals, thirty miles  apart, one eight and one-half miles  long, connecting the Elizabeth River with the North Landing River in Virginia, and the other five and one-half miles  long, connecting the Currituck Sound with the North River in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Dictionary of American History, by James Truslow Adams, New York: Charles Scribner&#39;s Sons, 1940</p><br>
<p>The Neely Mansion, is a Victorian-style residence built in 1894. It is located near the eastern edge of Auburn, in unincorporated King County, Washington in the census-designated location Lake Morton-Berrydale, Washington. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and the Washington State Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>From the 1950s to the 1970s the building deteriorated severely, until local citizens moved to save and restore the building. During the initial restoration period, the mansion was used for a haunted house staffed by the drama department of Auburn High School (the only high school in Auburn at the time). That usage ceased when significant progress was made in restoring the mansion to its original condition. The mansion is now owned by a volunteer historical society.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Mansion is two-story clapboard with a square plan. The front doorway is centered between two windows with three windows on the other three sides. All have an entablature and decorated surrounds. Sawn scrollwork is placed below each lintel.</p><br>
<p>A decorative corbel table separates the first and second floors. There are side porches on the ground level that run the length of the house. The front porch has a second floor balcony covered by a gable. The interior of the boxed, pedimented gable cornice is filled with diamond pattern shingles with a central round window.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The house has high ceilings and spacious rooms. The first floor is the kitchen, dining room, parlor, and master bedroom. The second floor has more bedrooms. The lower 5 ft of the walls in the house are covered with maple paneling. The upper portion is white plaster. Lighting in the house was supplied by candles and oil chandeliers which were hung from the ceiling and could be raised and lowered by hand.</p><br>
<p>Before World War II electricity was added, and in 1948 it was reshingled, a new foundation provided, and a concrete base added to the front porch.</p><br>
<h2>Neely family</h2><br>
<p>The David Neely family was among the first to arrive in Washingtons Green River Valley. After having made a hazardous overland journey from Tennessee in 1853, they crossed the Naches Pass and arrived at Porters Prairie near Enumclaw in Washington territory. He settled in Kent. He and his family both avoided being killed by Indians who attacked the area in 1855. David Neely&#39;s son Aaron moved to Auburn, married; and a daughter Lenore was born in 1879. Soon after the birth, Aaron moved to the site of the Neely Mansion, which he and a few workmen built in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Many gala parties were held for friends and neighbors who would spend the night in the house during shopping excursions to Auburn. On those occasions, all of the doors on the lower floor would be opened and the dancing partners would swirl from room to room to the music provided by the local fiddlers.</p><br>
<p>Until the mid-1970s, the Neely family owned the property. The Neely Mansion Association, an all-volunteer organization, bought the building in 1984 and began restoring the home.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Neely Mansion is significant piece of house architecture in that it demonstrates the effect of readily available manufactured wooden decorative components on a very basic plan. It is significant also as an indicator of growing affluence in family areas close to Seattle and as an important social center for the Green River Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Cimarron Hotel is a historic hotel located in Cimarron, a small town located in southwest Kansas, United States.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is a three-story Second Empire-style building, about 43x79 ft in plan, with five bays across the front and eight bays deep.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built by Nicholas B. Klaine in 1886, at an investment of $15,000. With the completion of the first floor of the three-story brick structure, he launched the New West Echo, a Republican newspaper. The newspaper occupied the north half of the first floor of the hotel. The hotel opened as the New West Hotel and operated as one of seven serving pioneers who needed to come to town for supplies or for cowboys and ruffians who literally wanted to "get the heck out of Dodge."</p><br>
<p>Despite several severe economic depressions and droughts in the late 19th century, Klaine continued to operate the Cimarron Hotel under several managers, until 1902. In that year, the New West Echo ceased publication and Klaine sold the hotel to the Luther family. The name was changed to "The Luther Inn." The Luther family owned the hotel until 1947 when they sold the hotel to Else Bartlow, who had been the secretary at the hotel. She changed the name to the "Cimarron Hotel." In 1977, the hotel was purchased by Kathleen Holt.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the hotel underwent substantial renovations and became a restaurant, bed and breakfast lodging, and private home to the owner and her family. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. As of August 2007, a portion of the building was occupied by a quilt shop that also conducted quilting classes and seminars. The third floor of the building still comprised overnight quarters for guests.</p><br>
<p>Baton Rouge National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in East Baton Rouge Parish, in the city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It encompasses 7.7 acre, and as of 2020, had over 5,000 interments.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 9, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Burials in the cemetery grounds took place as early as 1830, but the site was predominantly used during the Civil War to bury soldiers who died in Baton Rouge and the surrounding battlefields, including Plaquemine and Camden. It became an official National Cemetery in 1867, and rewards were given to anyone who reported the grave of a Union soldier, so that his remains could be reinterred in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 two men, Michael and Bernard Jodd, were hired to build a brick wall around the cemetery, which was previously enclosed by a picket fence, but before it was completed, both men contracted yellow fever and died in September 1878. They were interred in the cemetery and the wall was completed by local laborers. The wall was surfaced with stucco in 1936. The entrance on North 19th Street is protected by a double iron gate built in 1933.</p><br>
<h3>Massachusetts Monument</h3><br>
<p>The cemetery contains a commemorative monument, erected in 1909 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and built by J. N. White and Sons. The monument celebrates the memory of officers of 31st and 41st Infantry and of the men from Massachusetts who lost their lives in the Department of the Gulf during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>General Philemon Thomas (1763–1847). His remains were reinterred in the national cemetery in 1886. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and he commanded the forces that captured the fort of Baton Rouge in 1810. He also served as a Congressional Representative from the state of Louisiana in the 22nd and 23rd United States Congresses.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant General Troy Houston Middleton (1889–1976), World War II veteran and president of Louisiana State University.</p><br>
<p>Aden & Emma King, superintendent of the cemetery from 1920 to 1924. Aden died during his service and his wife Emma was appointed to the position upon his death.</p><br>
<p>Levi S. Porter, superintendent of the cemetery from 1932 to 1934.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Bessesen Building, formerly called the B.B. Theater and Conservatory of Music and later the Rivoli Theater, is located at 224 South Broadway in Albert Lea, Minnesota, United States. It has been used for both commercial and residential purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Bessesen Opera House was built in 1916, designed by St. Paul architects Cederberg and Van Kirk. The façade is French Renaissance. The interiors of the second and third floor apartments possess both Arts and Crafts style and Art Nouveau elements including terra cotta fireplaces, art glass skylight, and stained glass windows. The building was designed as a 740-seat opera palace to showcase the talents of internationally acclaimed opera prima donna Beatrice Gjertsen Bessesen. After its debut as an opera palace, it became The Rivoli motion picture theater from 1922 to 1975 and the Rivoli Mini-Mall in 1977. It is currently being converted into a regional arts and wellness center and is the home of the Freeborn County Arts Initiative. Historical aspects of the first level have been compromised. The building is currently in need of major restoration. The "Restore the Building Foundation" has been created for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>Beaufort National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in Beaufort County, in the city of Beaufort, South Carolina. Managed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 44.1 acre, and as of 2024, had over 28,725 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original interments in the cemetery were men who died in nearby Union hospitals during the occupation of the area early in the Civil War, mainly in 1861, following the Battle of Port Royal. Battlefield casualties from around the area were also reinterred in the cemetery, including over 100 Confederate soldiers. It became a National Cemetery with the National Cemetery Act by Abraham Lincoln in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Of the Civil War soldiers buried here, there are: 9,000 Union soldiers (3,607 unknown,) 2,800 POWs from the camp at Millen and 1,700 African-American union soldiers. There are also 102 confederate soldiers. The remains of 27 Union prisoners of war were reinterred from Blackshear Prison following the war.</p><br>
<p>Beaufort National Cemetery now has interments from every major American conflict since the Civil War, including the Spanish–American War, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the remains of nineteen Union soldiers of the all black Massachusetts 55th Volunteer Infantry were discovered on Folly Island, South Carolina. The Folly North Archaeological Project, 1990 did further excavations in the area after Hurricane Hugo revealed artifacts due to erosion of the soil and due to concerns of future erosion in the area. The Items discovered included leather shoes, rubberized canvas, wood staves and animal bone.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts 55th had been stationed on Folly Island from late 1863 to early 1864 and was a sister unit to the better-known Massachusetts 54th Volunteer Infantry, featured in the film Glory.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 1989, the 54th soldiers were reinterred in the Beaufort National Cemetery with full military honors. Cast members from the film served as the honor guard at the ceremony.</p><br>
<p>Beaufort National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Private First Class Ralph H. Johnson (1949–1968), recipient for action in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>Captain John J. McGinty III (1940–2014), recipient for action in the Vietnam War</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<p>Colonel Donald Conroy (1921–1998), inspiration for the character Wilbur "Bull" Meachum in The Great Santini.</p><br>
<p>John N. McLaughlin (1918–2002), Marine Corps Lieutenant General, served in three wars and spent three years as POW</p><br>
<p>Cook Petty Officer 1st Class William Pickney (1915-1976), second African American to be awarded the Navy Coss, for heroism during the Battle of Santa Cruz.</p><br>
<p>Master Sergeant Joseph Simmons, Légion d&#39;honneur recipient, Buffalo Soldier, World War I and World War II veteran.</p><br>
<p>General Edwin Pollock (1899–1982)</p><br>
<p>Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (1837–1863), commander of the African-American 54th Massachusetts Regiment, subject of the movie Glory is likely buried in one of the 3,607 unknown gravesites in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Chuck Taliano (1945–2010), USMC drill instructor featured in the "We don’t promise you a rose garden" recruitment poster during the 1970s and 1980s.</p><br>
<p>General William G. Thrash (1916–2011)</p><br>
<p>Major General Reuben Henry Tucker III (1911–1970), Commandant of Cadets, The Citadel 1963–68.</p><br>
<p>US Army General James Grimsley (1921–2013)</p><br>
<p>Major General Charles Spragins</p><br>
<p>Non-US Servicemembers</p><br>
<p>Ian Ronald Atherton Adamson, Lieutenant of Royal Navy, only one of Commonwealth war dead in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Maschinenmaat Gerd Reusell was a crewmember of U-352 that died of wounds when it was sunk on May 9, 1942 by USCGC Icarus.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery, located just north of downtown, is Birmingham, Alabama&#39;s oldest cemetery. Originally 21.5 acre on the estate of James M. Ware, it was already a burial ground by April 1869 when it served as the resting place for the infant daughter of future mayor Robert H. Henley. It was marked as "City Cemetery" on the original plats for Birmingham laid out by the Elyton Land Company and was formally sold to the city on December 29, 1873 for the sum of $1,073.50.</p><br>
<p>Most of the 10,000 or so burials at Oak Hill were interred before 1930, including nine of the ten landholders who founded the city, many early mayors, a Revolutionary soldier, numerous American Civil War veterans, and the first male child born in the city. Although few records exist from the time, most believe the "Potter&#39;s Field" section was also used as the final resting place for many victims of the 1873 cholera epidemic.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 Judge A. O. Lane purchased 200 acre on the southern slopes of Red Mountain (Birmingham, Alabama), now Lane Park, for the burial of paupers, thereby ending the use of Oak Hills "Potters Field". In 1928 the caretakers cottage near the center of the property, was removed to the southwest corner of the cemetery and a new "Pioneers Memorial Building" was constructed of Indiana limestone, designed by Miller & Martin architects with William Kessler, landscape architect.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, Oak Hill Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Oak Hill Memorial Association keeps an office in the former caretaker&#39;s cottage and published a quarterly newsletter, the Oak Hill Pioneer, from Winter 1999 to Fall 2006, with articles about the history of the city in the context of the lives of those buried at Oak Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Rucker Agee (1897–1985), banker and map collector</p><br>
<p>Henry M. Caldwell, president of Elyton Land Company, owner of Peanut Depot building</p><br>
<p>William E. B. Davis, pioneer gynecologist</p><br>
<p>Henry F. DeBardeleben (1840-1910), industrialist and developed Bessemer</p><br>
<p>Ellen Pratt DeBardeleben (1844–1894), daughter of Daniel Pratt</p><br>
<p>Frank M. Dixon, Governor of Alabama</p><br>
<p>Robert Henley, First mayor of Birmingham</p><br>
<p>Walter Henley, coal baron, banker, philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Mary T. Jeffries (1863-1930), President, Alabama Woman&#39;s Christian Temperance Union</p><br>
<p>Mortimer Jordan, health care pioneer</p><br>
<p>Charles Linn, industrialist and financier</p><br>
<p>W. J. McDonald, acting mayor of Robert Henley</p><br>
<p>John T. Milner (1826–1898), railroad engineer, pioneer</p><br>
<p>William S. Mudd (1816–1884), builder of Arlington Antebellum Home & Gardens</p><br>
<p>Frank P. O&#39;Brien, manufacturer, mayor, industrialist, developer and opera-house owner</p><br>
<p>Arthur H. Parker (1870–1939), educator, namesake of A. H. Parker High School</p><br>
<p>Edmund Rucker, Confederate Army Colonel</p><br>
<p>Fred Shuttlesworth (1922–2011), civil rights leader</p><br>
<p>James Sloss, railroad magnate, founder of Sloss Furnaces</p><br>
<p>William Hugh Smith, Governor of Alabama 1868–1870</p><br>
<p>John William Tayloe (1831–1904), Confederate Army Major Jeff Davis Legion of Hamptons Division, Stuarts Cavalry, Army of Northern Virginia. Born Buena Vista Plantation son of George Plater Tayloe, grandson of John Tayloe III of The Octagon House, great grandson of John Tayloe II of Mount Airy. Architect of Hawthorne</p><br>
<p>Louise Wooster, famed Madam</p><br>
<p>F. B. Yielding (1864–1948), founder of Yielding department store chain</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia Building, also known as the Eastern Columbia Lofts, is a thirteen-story Art Deco building designed by Claud Beelman located at 849 S. Broadway in the Broadway Theater District of Downtown Los Angeles. It opened on September 12, 1930, after just nine months of construction. It was built at a cost of $1.25 million as the new headquarters and 39th store for the Eastern-Columbia Department Store, whose component Eastern and Columbia stores were founded by Adolph Sieroty and family. At the time of construction, the City of Los Angeles enforced a height limit of 150 ft, however the decorative clock tower was granted an exemption, allowing the clock a total height of 264 ft. J. V. McNeil Company was the general contractor.</p><br>
<p>The edifice is easily spotted from the Interstate 10 - Santa Monica Freeway, as well as many other sections of downtown, due to its bright "melting turquoise" terra cotta tiles and trademark four-sided clock tower, emblazoned with the word "EASTERN" in bright white neon on each face of the clock.</p><br>
<p>The building is widely considered the greatest surviving example of Art Deco architecture in the city. It is one of the city&#39;s most photographed structures and an Art Deco landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia Building is built of steel-reinforced concrete and clad in glossy turquoise terracotta with deep blue and gold trim. The building&#39;s vertical emphasis is accentuated by deeply recessed bands of paired windows and spandrels with copper panels separated by vertical columns. The façade is decorated with a wealth of motifs—sunburst patterns, geometric shapes, zigzags, chevrons and stylized animal and plant forms. The building is capped with a four-sided clock tower emblazoned with the name "Eastern" in neon and crowned with a central smokestack surrounded by four stylized flying buttresses. The sidewalks surrounding the Broadway and Ninth Street sides of the building are of multi-colored terrazzo laid in a dynamic pattern of zigzags and chevrons. The central main entrance has a spectacular recessed two-story vestibule adorned with a blue and gold terra cotta sunburst. The vestibule originally led to a pedestrian retail arcade running through the center of the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The building was created to house the then-separate Eastern (furniture and homeware) and Columbia (apparel) department stores both owned and managed by Adolph Sieroty, who had founded his Los Angeles retail concern as a clock shop at 556 S. Spring St. in 1892.</p><br>
<p>At opening in 1930, the building had 275,650 sq. ft. of floor space. The first four floors and mezzanine were shared by Columbia and Eastern stores, with Columbia on the 9th & Broadway corner. From the 7th floor and up the floors were all Eastern. It was arranged as follows:</p><br>
<p>Ground floor - L-shaped arcade and glassed-in display area, foyer and elevators, Columbia apparel</p><br>
<p>Mezzanine, Eastern - pottery, Columbia apparel</p><br>
<p>2nd floor, Eastern - musical instruments, Columbia apparel</p><br>
<p>3rd floor, Eastern - floor coverings and rugs, Columbia apparel</p><br>
<p>4th floor, Eastern - bedding and bedding accessories, Columbia apparel</p><br>
<p>6th floor, shipping</p><br>
<p>7th floor, Eastern - porch and patio furniture, lamps</p><br>
<p>8th floor, Eastern - living room furniture</p><br>
<p>9th floor, Eastern - dining and breakfast room sets and "juvenile goods"</p><br>
<p>10th floor, Eastern - glassware and household accessories</p><br>
<p>11th floor, stock record department with 50 employees</p><br>
<p>12th floor, administrative offices and auditorium seating 700</p><br>
<p>13th floor, showers, clubroom and luncheonette for 700 employees; heating, air filtration, electricity and water (100,000-gallon tank) facilities, incinerator</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the company started advertising as the Eastern-Columbia Department Store. In 1950, the store expanded to cover the entire side of the block from Broadway to Hill Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, the company closed the Eastern-Columbia stores in its downtown flagship building, along with branch stores on S. Main St., Central Ave., Whittier Blvd., and in Long Beach. (It kept the Eastern stores in Bakersfield, Fresno, and Sacramento, and its Columbia store branches in Huntington Park, Lakewood and Long Beach.) The Eastern Columbia Building was refitted as office space targeted at the wholesale apparel industry.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2004, plans were made to convert the building into condominiums. On June 23, 2005, the long-defunct clock tower was reactivated in a ceremony with city and preservation leaders to celebrate the buildings 75th anniversary. Developer KOR Group, in conjunction with Killefer Flammang Architects, completed a two-year $80-million renovation of the building in 2006, turning the property into 147 condominiums, with interior redesign completed by the firm Kelly Wearstler Interior Design These live/work lofts showcase the timeless details of the early 20th century along with modern upgrades. The project earned California Construction Magazines Best Redevelopment in 2007, McGraw Hills Best Redevelopment of 07 Award, and the 2007 Multi-Housing News Adaptive Reuse Award. The Eastern Columbia Lofts earned a 2008 Los Angeles Conservancy Preservation Award. The building is a participant in the Mills Act Historic Property Contracts Program.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the building was awarded $34,647 through the Bringing Back Broadway initiative to upgrade the decorative arch lighting above the Broadway entrance. Since 2015 the building has been at the center of a political dispute over a proposed adjacent project, the 26-story Alexan Broadway project at 9th and Hill Streets, that has faced some opposition because of concerns that it would block views of the Eastern Columbia and its landmark clock.</p><br>
<p>Actor Johnny Depp acquired five penthouses in 2007, totaling a combined 11,500 ft&sup2; of space. In 2016, billionaire Ronald Burkle sold a three-story penthouse within the Eastern Columbia for $2.5 million, among the highest prices ever paid per square foot for a residential unit in the Historic Core district.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Accolades</h3><br>
<p>The building has been characterized as the "benchmark of deco buildings in Los Angeles" and as one of the "grand dames of Art Deco Streamline Moderne in Los Angeles". Historian Robert Winter called the building "a shining example of Southern Californias golden age of architecture". Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Hawthorne declared it "one of the most beautiful pieces of architecture in the city". Past president of the Art Deco Society of Los Angeles, Rory Cunningham, referred to the building as "one of the premier Deco buildings in the country". Ken Bernstein, director of the Office of Historic Resources for the City Planning Department, has stated that "The Eastern Columbia Building is unquestionably one of the signature Art Deco buildings in all of Los Angeles" and he selected it as one of the citys most beautiful buildings. The Eastern Columbia is lovingly referred to as the "Jewel of Downtown" and the "Art Deco Jewel of the West".</p><br>
<h3>Monument status</h3><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia was listed as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 294 in 1985. "The property meets the criteria for HCM designation because it reflects the broad cultural, economic, or social history of the nation, state, or community. It has become a visual landmark and is representative of the vitality of Los Angeles&#39; retail and commercial core."</p><br>
<p>The building sits in the Historic Core of Downtown Los Angeles, which is rich in historic architecture, and which has largely maintained its historic integrity, due in large part to hard fought preservation efforts, the 1999 Adaptive Re-Use Ordinance, and Councilmember Jose Huizar&#39;s "Bringing Back Broadway" initiative.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930 film Sin Takes a Holiday starring Constance Bennett, the opening exterior shots show Manhattan and then a close up of the Eastern Columbia building, inaccurately implying it is located in New York.</p><br>
<p>Over several decades, the citys airwaves chimed the jingle "Eastern Columbia, Broadway at Ninth" to advise Los Angeles shoppers of new arrivals and special offers at Downtowns flagship department store. The jingle was written by Julian M. Sieroty, son of the founder of the Eastern Columbia department store chain, Adolph Sieroty. The lilting ditty proved so popular that it was parodied regularly on television.</p><br>
<p>The building was featured prominently on the September 29, 1946 radio broadcast of The Jack Benny Program. During the show, various cast members were asked where they had gotten specific items. Each answer was: "Eastern Columbia, Broadway at Ninth". The line was reprised the following week, October 6, 1946, but in an absurdist way: Jack asked Dennis Day where his mother ever got his father, to which Dennis replied "Eastern Columbia, Broadway at Ninth". Jack responded with "Gee, they have everything!"</p><br>
<p>In the 1975 movie Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze, a sniper fires on the protagonist from the building, which is dubbed the "Eastern Cranmoor Building" and set in Manhattan in 1936.</p><br>
<p>In another implied New York depiction of the L.A. building, the 1978 film I Wanna Hold Your Hand shows the Eastern Columbia in the background of shots of the CBS transmitting tower outside Studio 50 (where The Ed Sullivan Show was produced) as a protester attempts to sabotage the broadcast of the first-ever appearance of The Beatles on USA television.</p><br>
<p>The finale of the two-hour 1985 pilot for the series Moonlighting takes place atop the building, with Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis climbing the building&#39;s enormous clock.</p><br>
<p>The Nickelodeon series iCarly and the Paramount+ revival of the same name use digitally altered images of the building for the exterior of Bushwell Plaza, the fictional apartment building in which the main casts live and the web show is filmed.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia Building appeared in the 1990 films 12:01 PM, Predator 2, and TV series Lucifer (Season 3, Episode 16).</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia Building was featured extensively in the film The Last Hour.</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 2022, the building was featured heavily in the Johnny Depp v. Amber Heard defamation case..</p><br>
<p>Downtown with Huell Howser</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Columbia Building appeared in the 2024 film Beverly Hills Cop: Axel F.</p><br>
<p>Agnews Developmental Center were two psychiatric and medical care facilities, located in Santa Clara, California and San Jose, California respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, the center, originally known as "The Great Asylum for the Insane", was established as a facility for the care of the mentally ill. The building finished construction at a cost of $750,000. The main structure, a red brick edifice, was located on land near Agnew&#39;s Village, which later became part of Santa Clara. The building was modeled after the Kirkbride Plan and designed by architect Theodore Lenzen. By the early twentieth century, Agnews boasted the largest institutional population in the South San Francisco Bay area, and was served by its own train station which stood at the west end of Palm Drive across Lafayette Street. The train station remained standing until vandalism and fire precipitated its demolition in the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>The 1906 San Francisco earthquake caused the destruction of the facility and nearby buildings. 117 patients and staff were killed and buried in mass graves on the site. Agnews then became infamous as the site of the Santa Clara Valley&#39;s greatest loss of life resulting from the quake. The Daily Palo Alto reported: "The position of the people in Agnews is critical; a number of insane persons having escaped from the demolished asylum, are running at random about the country."</p><br>
<p>Following this disaster, Agnews was rebuilt in the Mediterranean Revival architecture styles of Mission Revival—Spanish Colonial Revival, in a layout resembling a college campus of two-story buildings. It re-opened circa 1911 as Agnews State Mental Hospital. The facility was a small self-contained town, including a multitude of construction trade "shops", a farm which raised pigs and vegetable crops, a steam generating power plant for heating the buildings by steam, and even a fire department.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, the center was expanded to include a second campus about 2 mi to the east in San Jose (37&deg;24&prime;32&Prime;N latitude, 121&deg;55&prime;53&Prime;W longitude). A hospital was later built for the campus. Individuals with developmental disabilities were first admitted to a special rehabilitation program in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Programs for the mentally ill were discontinued in 1972 following deinstitutionalisation. The west campus would close 26 years later in 1998. Following the deinstitutionalisation of the east campus, the campus would be used for the care and treatment of people with developmental disabilities until the property was sold and closed in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>West campus closure</h2><br>
<p>The original west campus was closed in 1998 as part of a plan to reduce and eventually close the center. When the west campus closed, the use of the land was the subject of local controversy. In April 1997, it was announced the state would sell an 82.5 acre parcel of the campus to Sun Microsystems for its corporate headquarters and R&D campus. Some objected to the arranged sale of this prime public land to a profitable corporation at the peak of a local economic and real-estate boom, while others valued the presence of a prominent high-tech employer. Also at issue was the preservation of and public access to historic Agnews Developmental Center buildings. Sun agreed to restore four of the historic buildings (the auditorium, the clock tower, the superintendent&#39;s villa, and the administration building) and to keep some of the facilities available for public use. An outdoor exhibit open to the public displays information and photographs regarding the center and its history. A small museum would open next to the cemetery which is open to this day.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Sun deal, the Rivermark planned community was allocated 152 acre for a variety of residential, retail, public school, and open space uses.</p><br>
<p>The Agnews site was added to the National Register of Historic Places (under the name "Agnews Insane Asylum") on August 13, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Sun was acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010; the campus continues to be used as an Oracle R&D facility and conference center.</p><br>
<p>Oracle would put 40% of the campus up for sale in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>East campus closure</h2><br>
<p>In March 2009, the last patient moved out of the east campus and the residential facility was closed. The east campus provided outpatient clinic services through April 2011.</p><br>
<p>In July 2011, the Regional Project of the Bay Area and the Community State Staff Administration moved to Campbell and continued providing support to patients in the local area.</p><br>
<p>With the final sale of the land pending, the east campus was vacated and the land was turned over to the Department of General Services.</p><br>
<p>In July 2014, the City of San Jose and the Santa Clara Unified School District purchased the property from the State of California for $80 million with the intent to build a K-5 school, a middle school, a high school, and a city park. Demolition of the site started in late 2018 with construction starting soon after. The first two schools, Abram Agnew Elementary School and Dolores Huerta Middle School opened in August 2021. The third school, Kathleen MacDonald High School, opened the following year. The city park is yet to be built as the former hospital still stands with demolition yet to start; however, the three churches that sat on the same site have been demolished. The hospital stands in a neglected and ruined state. Graffiti can be seen on every wall with piles of destroyed concrete and steel bars littered all around the interior.</p><br>
<h2>In popular media</h2><br>
<p>The 1984 film Birdy by director Alan Parker used the center for the facility where the title character played by Matthew Modine is incarcerated.</p><br>
<p>The 1989 horror film The Dead Pit by director Brett Leonard was shot at the east campus.</p><br>
<p>The punk rock band Green Day recorded the music video for its 1994 song "Basket Case" at Agnews.</p><br>
<p>Maple Hill Cemetery is the oldest and largest cemetery in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. Founded on two acres  in about the year 1822, it now encompasses nearly 100 acres  and contains over 80,000 burials. It was added to the Alabama Historical Commission&#39;s Historic Cemetery Register in 2008, and to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Its occupants include five governors of Alabama, five United States senators, and numerous other figures of local, state, and national note. It is located east of the Twickenham Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original two acres (8,000 m) of the cemetery were sold to the city of Huntsville on September 14, 1822, by planter LeRoy Pope. Though early burials are difficult to document, there is substantial evidence that the land had been in use as a cemetery for some time prior to its official establishment. The oldest grave with marker intact is that of Mary Frances Atwood, infant daughter of William and Martha Caroline Atwood, who died September 17, 1820. Headstones are sparse in the oldest section, many having decayed over time and been discarded, and it is likely that many unmarked graves share a similarly early date.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was expanded at some point after 1849 to include the two acres (8,000 m) on which LeRoy Pope and his family were buried. There are some indications that this land, which had until then remained a part of the Pope estate, may already have been in use as a burial ground. Popes son-in-law John Williams Walker had died in 1823, Popes wife Judith in 1827, and Pope himself in 1844. It is known that the Popes maintained a private cemetery on their plantation, but it is unclear whether the Pope graves were moved to their present location following the sale of the Pope estate in 1849, or whether this property in fact contained the existing Pope cemetery. Several other monuments in this section suggest its use at least as early as 1844.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Maple Hill Cemetery became the burial site of 187 unknown Confederate soldiers and an uncertain number of Union soldiers. Most of the Confederate soldiers, buried in the Confederate section on the north side of the cemetery, died early in the war of disease or accidents while training in camps close to Huntsville. The names of many of them are known, but it is unknown who lies in which grave. Numerous Union troops who died during the federal occupation of Huntsville are believed to have been buried in unmarked graves throughout the oldest section of the cemetery. Most of the Union graves were moved to Chattanooga National Cemetery in 1867, though some may have been missed.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, the cemetery was further expanded through the purchase from James J. Donegan of 12.45 acres (50,380 m) that had previously been a part of the Pope estate. In this new addition were two sections consecrated for religious congregations, a Hebrew burial ground and a Catholic burial ground.</p><br>
<p>To accommodate increasing growth in Huntsville because of industrialization, the city purchased an additional 3.2 acres (13,000 m) in 1881 from Morris and Henrietta Bernstein. In 1903, it purchased another 6.14 acres (24,800 m) from Mary Y. McClelland of St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the cemetery, which had until then been called only "the burying ground," was given its official name.</p><br>
<p>Automobile magnate Albert Russel Erskine made a substantial gift to the cemetery in 1918 of about 12 acres (49,000 m). Erskine, a descendant of several prominent Huntsvillians buried in the cemetery, had acquired the land from a neighboring residential development, probably prompted by the death of his mother in 1915. On a circular plot in the center of the addition, Erskine constructed an imposing mausoleum to contain the remains of his parents, his wife, and himself. The cemetery&#39;s stone entrance and the wide road proceeding from it to the mausoleum were also funded by Erskine. Three additional properties, purchased in 1920, completed the Erskine Addition.</p><br>
<p>The purchase from James B. Stevens in 1924 of 59 acres (240,000 m) on the east side of the cemetery more than tripled its size and gave it its present shape.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, a private company, Maple Hill Cemetery, Inc., developed a cemetery adjacent to the cemetery proper on land formerly used by the city of Huntsville for athletic fields.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the city owned part of the cemetery had virtually run out of available plots and attempted to enlarge the cemetery by first removing playground equipment and picnic tables of an adjoining city park with a plan to create burial plots on the park land. This was met with extreme resistance from residents in nearby neighborhoods. The public outcry of city actions without the proper due process was enough to stop the encroachment into the park and neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>The playground on the grounds of the cemetery is referred to as "Dead Childrens Playground" by locals and is considered to be Alabamas most haunted site. Visitor&#39;s cite glowing orbs, ghosts of children who died in the Flu Epidemic of 1918, and the swings going without being touched. Despite local legends it is a regular teen hangout for many generations and was the driving force in the restoration of the playground after it was taken down in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>The Huntsville Meridian</h2><br>
<p>The Huntsville Meridian intersects Maple Hill Cemetery. Plotted in 1807 by surveyor Thomas Freeman, it is the longitudinal line from which all land in North Alabama was surveyed. Freeman died in 1821 and is buried in the cemetery. The tallest monument in the cemetery was erected on the meridian by another surveyor, Richard W. Anderson, "in memory of deceased relatives and to perpetuate the Huntsville Meridian."</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<h3>Governors of Alabama</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Bibb (1782–1839), served 1820 to 1821.</p><br>
<p>Clement Comer Clay (1789–1866), served 1835 to 1837; formerly a USA representative; later a USA senator.</p><br>
<p>Reuben Chapman (1799–1882), served 1847 to 1849; formerly a USA representative.</p><br>
<p>Robert M. Patton (1809–1885), served 1865 to 1868.</p><br>
<p>David P. Lewis (1820–1884), served 1872 to 1874.</p><br>
<h3>United States senators</h3><br>
<p>John Williams Walker (1783–1823), Alabama&#39;s first senator, served 1819 to 1822.</p><br>
<p>Clement Comer Clay (1789–1866), served 1837 to 1841; formerly a governor and USA representative.</p><br>
<p>Jeremiah Clemens (1814–1865), served 1849 to 1853.</p><br>
<p>Clement Claiborne Clay (1816–1882), served 1853 to 1861; later a Confederate States senator.</p><br>
<p>John J. Sparkman (1899–1985), served 1946 to 1979.</p><br>
<h3>United States representatives</h3><br>
<p>Clement Comer Clay (1789–1866), served 1829 to 1835; later a governor and USA senator.</p><br>
<p>Reuben Chapman (1799–1882), served 1835 to 1847; later a governor.</p><br>
<p>Peter Myndert Dox (1813–1891), served 1869 to 1873.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Humphrey Sloss (1826–1911), served 1871 to 1875.</p><br>
<p>William Willis Garth (1828–1912), served 1877 to 1879.</p><br>
<p>William M. Lowe (1842–1882), served 1879 to 1881 and 1882.</p><br>
<p>William N. Richardson (1839–1914), served 1900 to 1914.</p><br>
<p>Jabez Leftwich (1765–1855), served the state of Virginia 1821 to 1825.</p><br>
<p>Addison White (1824–1909), served the state of Kentucky 1851 to 1853.</p><br>
<p>Lowndes Henry Davis (1836–1920), served the state of Missouri 1879 to 1885.</p><br>
<h3>Confederate leaders</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Fearn (1789–1863), deputy to Provisional Confederate Congress (resigned after first session).</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Davis, Jr. (1825–1875), delegate to Alabama Secession Convention; deputy to Provisional Confederate Congress, April 1861 to 1862; lieutenant colonel in Confederate States Army.</p><br>
<p>Clement Claiborne Clay (1816–1882), Confederate States senator, 1862 to 1864; formerly a USA senator.</p><br>
<p>Richard Wilde Walker (1823–1874), deputy to Provisional Confederate Congress, 1861 to 1862; Confederate States senator, 1864 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>David P. Lewis (1820–1884), deputy to Provisional Confederate Congress (resigned after first session); later governor.</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Pope Walker (1817–1884), first Confederate States secretary of war, 1861; also a Confederate brigadier general.</p><br>
<h3>Military figures</h3><br>
<p>Dr. David Moore (1787–1845), family physician of General Andrew Jackson, State Legislator in 1830–1835.</p><br>
<p>Egbert J. Jones (d. 1861), colonel of the 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment, CSA, killed in the First Battle of Manassas.</p><br>
<p>William T. H. Brooks (1821–1870), Union brigadier general.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert M. L. Johnson (1837–1871), Union brevet brigadier general.</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Pope Walker (1817–1884), Confederate brigadier general; formerly Confederate secretary of war.</p><br>
<p>Robert L. Spragins (d. 1964), Major general who commanded 71st and 44th Infantry Divisions in World War II.</p><br>
<h3>Rocket Team Members</h3><br>
<p>Wilhelm Angele (1905-1996), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Werner Dahm (1917-2008), German-American aerodynamicist and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Konrad Dannenberg (1912–2009), German-American rocket pioneer and member of the German rocket team brought to the United States after World War II.</p><br>
<p>Ernst Geissler (1915-1989), German-American aerospace engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Walter Haeussermann (1914-2010) German-American aerospace engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Karl Heimburg (1910-1997), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Otto Heinrich Hirschler (1913-2001), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Oscar Holderer (1919-2015), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Hans Henning Hosenthien (1915-1996), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Helmut Horn (1912-1994), German-American engineer and applied physicist, original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Walter Jacobi (1918-2009), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>William Mrazek (1911-1992), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Fritz Mueller (1907-2001), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Friedrich von Saurma (1908-1961), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Rudolf Hans Schildt (1914-2012), German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Heinrich Struck (1925-2020), German-American aerospace engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Ernest Stuhlinger (1913-2008) German-American atomic, electrical, and rocket scientist and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Bernhard Tessmann (1912-1998) German-American engineer and original member of the Von Braun rocket team</p><br>
<p>Georg von Tiesenhausen (1914–2018), German-American rocket pioneer and member of the German rocket team brought to the United States after World War II.</p><br>
<h3>Other people</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Freeman (d. 1821), United States Surveyor General.</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Pope (1765–1844), early planter and "Father of Huntsville."</p><br>
<p>Priscilla Holmes Drake (1812–1892), woman suffragist.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Clay-Clopton (1823–1915), wife of Clement Claiborne Clay, memoirist and socialite.</p><br>
<p>Albert Russel Erskine (1871–1933), automobile magnate and president of Studebaker Motors.</p><br>
<p>W. T. Hutchens (1859–1940) Mayor of Huntsville, politician.</p><br>
<p>Harry Rhett Townes (1914–2001), Actor, Episcopal minister.</p><br>
<p>Don Mincher (1938–2012), Major League Baseball player.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene Saint Julien Cox House, now known as the E. St. Julien Cox House, is a Carpenter Gothic-style house in St. Peter, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1871 for Eugene Saint Julien Cox, the first mayor of St. Peter, and his family. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1970.</p><br>
<p>The building has been restored inside and out to its late 19th-century appearance by the Nicollet County Historical Society, which opens it as a house museum a few days per week during the summer.</p><br>
<p>The Fountain House is located in the borough of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in the central commercial district. The four-story building is steeped in local history and is a major landmark of the Bucks County area. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fountain House was one of seven taverns in pre-revolutionary Doylestown. It was constructed by William Doyle, the founder of Doylestown. The first part of the building was constructed in 1758. Owned by a Tory during the American Revolutionary War, it was seized by government authorities and sold at auction. Throughout the 19th century, The Fountain House hosted, in addition to a tavern, the first Doylestown post office, and a stagecoach line connecting Philadelphia and Easton. The Fountain House was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Fountain House, built primarily in the Victorian style, has gone through a number of changes.</p><br>
<p>1758: Original stone structure built</p><br>
<p>1830: Third story added</p><br>
<p>1849: Two additional structures built on either side</p><br>
<p>1876: Gabled Roof replaced with Mansard Roof</p><br>
<p>1971: Restored</p><br>
<h2>Current occupants</h2><br>
<p>Currently, The Fountain House hosts several business occupants, primarily the Starbucks which occupies the entire first floor. Several law offices and apartments are located on the second and third floors. It is a major social gathering location in Doylestown. The town&#39;s Christmas Tree is placed in front of the building annually.</p><br>
<p>Fort Proctor is a ruined 19th century fort in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, USA. It is also known as Fort Beauregard or Beauregard&#39;s Castle . The fort is on the shore of Lake Borgne just north of the mouth of Bayou Yscloskey. At the time it was built in the 1850s, there was also an adjacent railroad port called "Proctorville".</p><br>
<p>The fort was intended to be part of the fortifications protecting water routes towards New Orleans. In 1814, the British Army had attacked New Orleans after their navy advanced up Lake Borgne and defeated a small flotilla of gunboats belonging to the New Orleans Squadron of the USA Navy, in the Battle of Lake Borgne.</p><br>
<p>Due to delays caused by hurricane damage, and then the outbreak of the American Civil War, the fort was never garrisoned. By the end of the Civil War, improvements in artillery had made the design of the fort obsolete.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s and 1950s, before it was engulfed by Lake Borgne, the ruins of the fort were a popular gathering place for teenagers seeking a spot where they would not be supervised.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal in the 1960s cut off all land access to the fort site. It can be seen in the distance from Shell Beach, Louisiana. In 1978, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now completely surrounded by water about one foot deep. Before Hurricane Katrina, there remained one small piece of dry land inside of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort was unusual in its design for two innovations: the inclusion of comfortable living quarters including bathrooms, and the extensive use of structural iron in its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Milton, Massachusetts is the foremost structure associated with the history of weather observations in the United States. Located atop Great Blue Hill about 10 miles south of Boston, Massachusetts, it is home to the oldest continuous weather record in North America, and was the location of the earliest kite soundings of the atmosphere in North America in the 1890s, as well as the development of the radiosonde in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Founded by Abbott Lawrence Rotch in 1884, the observatory took a leading role in the newly emerging science of meteorology and was the scene of many of the first scientific measurements of upper atmosphere weather conditions, using kites to carry weather instruments aloft. Knowledge of wind velocities, air temperature and relative humidity at various levels came into use as vital elements in weather prediction due to techniques developed at this site. By 1895 the observatory was the source of weather forecasts of remarkable accuracy. On August 4, 1894 the first atmospheric sounding in the world was accomplished at the observatory, with a weather kite carrying a thermograph 2,030 feet above sea level. On October 8, 1896, a record of 8740 feet (2,665 m) was achieved for a weather kite. During the Great New England Hurricane of 1938, the observatory measured the strongest wind gust ever directly measured and recorded in a hurricane at 186 mph (299 km/h).</p><br>
<p>The observatory remains active to this day, continuing to add to its database of weather observations now more than one hundred years old, and stands as a monument to the science of meteorology in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Site</h3><br>
<p>The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory was founded by American meteorologist Abbott Lawrence Rotch in 1885. By the time he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884, Rotch had conceived and carried into execution his plans for the erection of a meteorological observatory on the summit of Great Blue Hill, ten miles south of Boston, Massachusetts in the Blue Hills Reservation, a 6,000-acre (24 km²) public park managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Rotch chose the site because the elevation of 635 feet was the highest point within ten miles of the Atlantic Ocean, on the East Coast south of central Maine. The Observatory was founded as a weather station and research facility. This location afforded early weather scientists a unique opportunity for recording extremes of weather and experimenting with weather-recording instruments.</p><br>
<p>The observatory building was completed by the end of 1884 and the first regular observations were begun on February 1, 1885. Rotch became the first director of the observatory and maintained it at his own expense until his death in 1912 when he bequeathed it to Harvard University with an endowment of $50,000, which grew to $111,000 in the twelve years after his death.</p><br>
<h3>The building</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the observatory was started by Rotch in 1884 using his own private funds, and designed by architects Rotch & Tilden. The original structure consisted of a two-story circular tower and an adjoining housing unit which contained two bedrooms, a dining room and a kitchen. In 1889, a two-story east wing was added to provide additional working space for research, domestic chores, and the library.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, a two-story west wing containing a new library was added to provide additional work space. A steel fire door and brick wall connect the library to the earlier masonry structure. A timbrel vault (18 by 35 ft) of cohesive tiles spans the library. The timbrel vault tile roof is believed to have been installed by the Guastavino Company using an extremely tenacious mortar developed by Rafael Guastavino, the founder of the firm.</p><br>
<p>Native stone, gathered from the summit of the Great Blue Hill, was used for the two-story tower, adjoining housing unit, and the east and west wings. Copper sheathing was used for roofing. A stone wall and iron fence were erected in 1905 to provide security for the building and instruments and privacy for the staff. The original stone tower eventually proved to be unsuitable. Wind-driven rain penetrated its walls, damaging the instruments and records. Vibration from the instruments on masts atop the tower contributed to the structural problems.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the original tower was demolished and a new reinforced three-story late Gothic Revival concrete tower, 20 feet 6 inches wide and 32 feet 8 inches high was constructed in its place. The concrete construction of the tower was chosen specifically to provide the maximum amount of stability and durability in the event of high winds. The tower has a crenelated top and a cornice containing dentils. The windows are double-hung sash with a shallow recessed arch over the windows on the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>The new tower provided the durable weather-resistant, vibration-free environment necessary for accurate instrument readings. The first floor of the tower contains the director&#39;s office. The weather bureau is on the second floor and a laboratory and access to the roof are found on the third floor. Various wind gauges and other meteorological recording instruments are attached to the roof of the tower. The observatory still retains barometers and other instrumentation dating from the late 19th century. These instruments are used to calibrate the modern instrumentation to preserve the accuracy and integrity of the data base dating back to 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1962, a metal tower containing a siderostat for collecting the sun&#39;s rays and directing them by mirrors to an optical bench inside the observatory, was erected adjacent to the west wing for studies related to the upper atmosphere. This project was abandoned after a few years. This tower, with its mirrors still present, is no longer in use.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as "Great Blue Hill Weather Observatory", as part of a multiple property nomination by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts entitled "Prehistoric and Historic Resources of the Blue Hills and Neponset River Reservations and Selected Adjacent Lands".</p><br>
<p>In 1981, the Metropolitan District Commission transferred responsibility for the observatory to the Blue Hill Weather Club, a local group of supporters, who plan to restore the observatory and establish a weather museum on the site. The observatory will be kept open to continue its record of continuous weather observations. The National Weather Service continues to operate an Automated Surface Observing System at the site.</p><br>
<p>A white marble stone containing a summary record of climatological data from 1885 to 1984 and dedicated to the memory of Abbott Lawrence Rotch is located on the front yard of the building.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989 with name "Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory".</p><br>
<p>In 2021, a major $2 million renovation of the observatory began. The renovation is expected to be completed by April 2023. Many parts of the building are being upgraded, and the renovations include a new concrete wall, new ceilings, new windows, and increased weatherproofing.</p><br>
<p>During the renovation the observatory is closed to the public, however the gift shop is still functional as it has moved outdoors. The renovation has not interfered with daily weather observations taken at the observatory. When the renovation is complete, there will be new exhibits and programs.</p><br>
<h2>History of its operations</h2><br>
<p>Under Rotch&#39;s leadership, the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory quickly became famous for its pioneering studies of the upper atmosphere. The study of cloud heights, directions and velocities that Rotch carried out at the Blue Hill Observatory made significant contributions to the knowledge of clouds in the early years of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Rotch continued to work at the Blue Hill Observatory until his death on April 7, 1912. Under the terms of his will, the observatory was given to Harvard University with an endowment of $50,000 for operating costs. Harvard operated the observatory until 1971 when it disassociated itself from the site. The Rotch endowment was kept by Harvard.</p><br>
<p>After 1912, the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory continued to operate as an active meteorological observatory. Weather observations and recordings have continued to this day, providing modern meteorologists with a record of uninterrupted climatological observations that is unique in the world.</p><br>
<p>Since these recordings were obtained from the same site with virtually no environmental change, they provide an important index to climate change. This information is of special importance to students of climatic change, in an age where so many weather records are flawed by environmental and procedural changes, and by repeated moves of the observing site over a number of years. For this reason, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration designated the Blue Hill Observatory one of 26 International Benchmark stations within the United States.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the site housed a research group that used radar to scan approaching thunder storms as far away as western New York State, as part of an inquiry into the causes of lightning. Findings by this group were instrumental in the development of the US weather radar program. The installation consisted of a steel tower supporting a second-hand military radar set, several Quonset huts and box trailers, surrounded by a chain-link fence. Group members were on call to monitor the radar whenever severe storms could be observed. Data were also collected from a network of amateur co-operative observers who corresponded by mail. This era coincided with the end of the long career of the famous Director of the Observatory, Dr. Charles Brooks, said to be one of the few who accurately forecast the path of the destructive Hurricane of September, 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Accomplishments</h2><br>
<p>Since 1885, the staff of the observatory and others have documented the scientific work completed at the Blue Hill Observatory in almost 900 scientific publications. The Observatory&#39;s first century is a distinguished history of contribution to the development of meteorology. Measurements at the observatory have continued on a daily basis since the day it first opened in 1885, making the observatory one of the oldest continually active weather and climate monitoring stations in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Chattanooga National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located near the center of the city of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 120.9 acre, and as of 2014, had more than 50,000 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1863, by an order from Major General George Henry Thomas after the Civil War Battles of Chattanooga, as a place to inter Union soldiers who fell in combat. 75 acre of land was initially appropriated from two local land owners, but later purchased. It became Chattanooga National Cemetery in 1867. By 1870 more than 12,000 interments had been made, most of whom were unknown. Many nearby battlefield burials were also reinterred in Chattanooga, including nearly 1,500 burials from the Battle of Chickamauga. Franklin Guest Smith, who served as secretary and member of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park Commission from 1893 until 1908, played an important role in preserving and expanding the cemetery, and a monument at the cemetery was dedicated in his honor.</p><br>
<p>During World War I (78) and World War II (108) German prisoners of war who died while in captivity were buried in Chattanooga National Cemetery. After the war, the German government paid to have other POWs disinterred from Hot Springs National Cemetery and moved to Chattanooga.</p><br>
<p>Chattanooga National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Originally the site was expected to close for new burials in 2015. However, due to a recent expansion project that will add the capacity for more than 5,000 interments, the cemetery is now expected to be available for burials until 2045.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>A 40-foot high memorial archway, constructed in 1868.</p><br>
<p>The Andrews Raiders Memorial, erected in 1890. It includes a bronze replica of the locomotive known as The General, stolen by Union partisan James J. Andrews and his men in the Great Locomotive Chase.</p><br>
<p>German World War I prisoner of war monument, erected by the German government in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The Andrews Raiders</p><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>* Private Samuel Robertson</p><br>
<p>* Sergeant Major Marion A. Ross</p><br>
<p>* Sergeant John M. Scott</p><br>
<p>* Private Samuel Slavens&#39;</p><br>
<p>Other Raiders</p><br>
<p>* James J. Andrews, leader of the raid (civilian)</p><br>
<p>* William H. Campbell, civilian member</p><br>
<p>* Private Philip G. Shadrack</p><br>
<p>* Private George D. Wilson</p><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Master Sergeant Ray E. Duke, for action in the Korean War. Also, recipient of Republic of Korea&#39;s version of the Medal of Honor (the Merit Taegug Medal)</p><br>
<p>Corporal Desmond Doss, for action in World War II, the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor.</p><br>
<p>Private William F. Zion, USMC, for action in the Boxer Rebellion</p><br>
<p>Technical Sergeant Charles Coolidge, US Army, last person to receive the award during World War II</p><br>
<p>Other notables</p><br>
<p>Cal Ermer, Major League Baseball player and Marine Corps veteran.</p><br>
<p>William P. Sanders, Civil War Union Army officer.</p><br>
<p>Timothy R. Stanley, Brigadier General during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Sammy Strang, Major League Baseball player and United States Military Academy coach.</p><br>
<p>Other noteworthy interments</p><br>
<p>186 foreign prisoners of war from World War I and World War II including:</p><br>
<p>*Karl Bulowius, German army general.</p><br>
<p>One Canadian soldier of World War I.</p><br>
<p>City Point National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the community of City Point within the city of Hopewell, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 6.7 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 6,909 interments. It is managed by Hampton National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the area around City Point was a Union supply depot, established by General Ulysses S. Grant. Its proximity to the Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia made it an ideal staging place. The cemetery was established to reinter soldiers who were buried in the seven nearby hospital cemeteries and those from makeshift battlefield plots throughout the area.</p><br>
<p>City Point National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The Army of the James Monument, a 20&#39; high white marble monument erected in 1865.</p><br>
<p>Hampton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of Hampton, Virginia. It encompasses 27.1 acre, and as of 2014, had over 30,000 interments. There are two separate parts to this facility. The original cemetery is called the "Hampton Section" and is located on Cemetery Road in Hampton, VA. It is on the western side of I-64. The new section which is called the "Phoebus Addition" or the "Phoebus Section" West County Street in Hampton, VA east of I-64. It is less than a mile from the original cemetery. Both sections of the Hampton National Cemetery are closed to new interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first burials took place in the cemetery in 1862, and were primarily Union soldiers who died in service or at the hospital at Fort Monroe. It became a National Cemetery in 1866. While primarily for Union soldiers, it also has the interments of 272 Confederate soldiers in their own section.</p><br>
<p>Hampton National Cemetery has the interred remains of World War II prisoners of war, 55 German and 5 Italian. It also has the remains of 28 sailors from the, which was sunk by off Cape Hatteras in 1942. A British sailor from the same war is buried here.</p><br>
<p>Hampton National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The Union Soldiers Monument, a 65&#39; tall granite obelisk.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Landsman Michael Cassidy (1837–1908), for action at the Battle of Mobile Bay, during the Civil War. Phoebus, Section B, Grave 9503.</p><br>
<p>Ordinary Seaman John Davis (1854–1903), for peacetime service aboard USS Trenton in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Coal Heaver James R. Garrison (1838–1908), for action at the Battle of Mobile Bay, during the Civil War. Phoebus, Section B, Grave 9523.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Alfred B. Hilton (1842–1864), for action at the Battle of Chaffin&#39;s Farm, during the Civil War. Hampton, Section E, Grave 1231.</p><br>
<p>Ordinary Seaman Edward Maddin (1852–1925), for peacetime gallantry aboard the USS Franklin</p><br>
<p>First Sergeant Harry J. Mandy (1840–1904), for action at Front Royal, Virginia during the Civil War. Phoebus, Section C, Grave 8709.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Isaac B. Sapp (1843–1913), for peacetime heroism in 1871. Section A, Grave 10465</p><br>
<p>First Lieutenant Ruppert L. Sargent (1938–1967), for action during the Vietnam War. Hampton Section F-I, Grave 7596.</p><br>
<p>Private Charles Veale (1838–1872), for action at the Battle of Chaffin&#39;s Farm, during the Civil War. Hampton, Section F, Grave 5097.</p><br>
<p>Coxswain David Warren, for action during the Civil War aboard USS Monticello. Phoebus, Section C, Grave 7972.</p><br>
<p>Other notable interments</p><br>
<p>Peter Weckbecker (1864–1935), Major League Baseball catcher</p><br>
<p>The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in Garfield Circle, a traffic circle at First Street and Maryland Avenue SW in Washington, D.C. It is a memorial to USA President James A. Garfield, who was elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving only four months of his term. The perpetrator was an attorney and disgruntled office-seeker named Charles J. Guiteau. Garfield lived for several weeks after the shooting, but eventually succumbed to his injuries. The monument is part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool, including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial in Union Square. The monument is also a contributing property to the National Mall and LEnfant Plan, both of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. The bronze statue rests on a granite pedestal that features three sculptures, each one representing a time period in Garfields life.</p><br>
<p>The monument, sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward and cast by The Henry-Bonnard Co. of New York, with a pedestal designed by Richard Morris Hunt, is an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture. It was unveiled on May 12, 1887. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, of which Garfield had been a member. The Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, which was held in the Capitol&#39;s Rotunda and National Statuary Hall in 1882. Also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7,500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons; in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the United States Capitol Complex on January 2, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>James A. Garfield was born on November 19, 1831, in Moreland Hills, Ohio. His father died when Garfield was young and he grew up very poor. After an attempt to live on his own, he returned to his mother and attended Geauga Seminary. After graduating from the seminary, Garfield worked a variety of jobs and became a teacher at Hiram College, where he also worked as a janitor. As a born again Christian, Garfield preached on occasion, receiving much needed money at certain churches on his circuit. He returned to Ohio and taught at Hiram College once again. During the years leading up to the Civil War, Garfield had become interested in politics and supported the new Republican Party. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1860, serving in that role until the following year.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Garfield was commissioned a colonel. His first and only battle where he led Union Army forces was at the Battle of Middle Creek, which the Union Army won. After the battle, Garfield was promoted to brigadier general. He was later promoted to chief of staff to the Army of the Cumberland. In 1863, Garfield left the military and ran for USA Congress. He won the election and served in the USA House of Representatives for 17 years. Garfield successfully ran for president as a Republican in the 1880 United States presidential election.</p><br>
<p>After serving as president for only three months, Garfield was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. The perpetrator, Charles J. Guiteau, was an attorney and unsuccessful politician. Attempts were made to bring him back to good health, but three months after the shooting, he died on September 19, 1881.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial plans</h3><br>
<p>The SAC was able to raise almost $28,000, through donations and benefits, like the 1882 Garfield Monument Fair, which took place in the United States Capitol rotunda and National Statuary Hall. Another fundraiser that year was by Congress, who sold condemned cannons from the Civil War to allocate $7,500 for the monument. Two years later on July 7, 1884, Congress further allocated $30,000 for the pedestal. During the 1883 reunion, the SAC selected John Quincy Adams Ward to be the monuments sculptor. Ward has already sculpted the equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas for the SAC, so the two parties were on friendly terms. He was also known as one of the best sculptors during that time period. Ward chose his friend Richard Morris Hunt to be the architect of the monuments pedestal. The Henry-Bonnard Bronze Company was chosen to be the founder for the project. The total price for the monument and its installation was $62,539.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>On the morning of May 12, 1887, a gun salute was fired from the Marine Barracks in honor of the day&#39;s event. Later that morning, members of the SAC met at the Arlington Hotel, followed by a march to the Grand Army of the Republica Hall. At 11:30am, a procession of SAC members joined with the District of Columbia militia and members of the Grand Army of the Republic to march in a parade to the monument site. There were many onlookers that day, crowding around the circle to get a glimpse of the event. At noon, guests of honor were seated in the temporary grandstand built for the ceremony. Those seated in the grandstand included Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard, USA Attorney General Augustus H. Garland, Chief Justice Morrison Waite and other justices of the Supreme Court, philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran, Judge Alexander Burton Hagner, Ward and Hunt, and several generals of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>President Grover Cleveland and General Phillip Sheridan, who served as president of the SAC, arrived at 1pm and sat at the front of the grandstand. Colonel Wilson began the ceremony by introducing Reverend S.H. Giesyd, who delivered an opening prayer. The United States Marine Band performed The Star-Spangled Banner followed by the unveiling of the monument. There was then a gun salute on the Capitol grounds. Sheridan then introduced the keynote speaker, Major General J. Warren Keifer, who talked about Garfield&#39;s life. After his speech, Keifer formally gave the monument to Sheridan, who then passed ownership to Cleveland. It was at this time Cleveland spoke about Garfield, patriotism, and the grandeur of monuments that were being erected throughout Washington, D.C. After the president spoke, Hail, Columbia was played by the Marine Band and a benediction was given by Reverend F.D. Power.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The monument is a contributing property to the National Mall, which was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) on November 8, 1964, and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966. It is also a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan, listed on the DCIHS on January 19, 1971, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997. The monument was incorporated into the United States Capitol Complex on January 2, 1975. In 1992, the Architect of the Capitol had the monument cleaned via low-pressure washing to the bronze sculptures. Additional steps to preserve the monument was the application of a corrosion inhibitor and the sculptures being repatinated. An acrylic lacquer and wax was the final step in protecting the statues. The lead joints were repaired, and the sidewalks around the circle were improved.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The monument is sited on Reservation 202, Garfield Circle, at the intersection of First Street and Maryland Avenue NW in Union Square, Washington, D.C. The placement of the monument compliments the Peace Circle and its Peace Monument. The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is located between the two smaller monuments. The Garfield monument is on the west side of the United States Capitol Complex, which is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The total height of the bronze sculpture of Garfield is 9-feet (2.7 m). It rests on a granite pedestal that is tapered and cylindrical, and measures 16-feet (4.9 m) tall. The three bronze sculptures on the monument&#39;s pedestal measure 5-feet (1.5 m). Garfield is depicted standing, wearing a long coat over his suit. He has a beard and moustache, and his hair is wavy. Garfield is looking into the distance while holding a stack of papers from his inauguration. Beside him is a small column draped with fabric. There is an open book on the column and Garfield is placing his hand on it.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal is a fine example of Beaux-Arts and Baroque art, with three elaborate bronze figures that Ward worked on more than the statue of Garfield. Plaques depicting swords and globes are on the second tier of the pedestal, just above the three figures. They are all Roman males and seated near the bottom of the monument. Each one represents a time period of Garfields life: teacher, soldier, and statesman. The one representing his early career features a bare-foot student wearing a tunic made from sheep skin while holding paper with his left hand. The second sculpture, representing Garfields military career, is a middle-aged man, wearing wolf skin, fur boats, and a fur tunic, while reaching for a sword with his right hand. The third sculpture which represents his years as a statesman and politician, is wearing sandals and a long robe. His right hand is holding a tablet that reads "Law Justice Prosperity".</p><br>
<h4>Inscriptions</h4><br>
<p>The following inscriptions are on the monument:</p><br>
<p>(On Garfield statue:)</p><br>
<p>J.Q.A. Ward</p><br>
<p>Sculp. 1887</p><br>
<p>The Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co. New York</p><br>
<p>(On speech held in Garfield&#39;s proper left hand:)</p><br>
<p>Law, Justice, Prosperity</p><br>
<p>(On each base figure:)</p><br>
<p>J.Q.A. Ward Sculp</p><br>
<p>(Base, top section, front:)</p><br>
<p>James. A. Garfield 1831–1881</p><br>
<p>(Base, top section, left side:)</p><br>
<p>Major-General U-S-V, Member of Congress, Senator, and President of The United States of America</p><br>
<p>(Base, top section, right side:)</p><br>
<p>Erected by his Comrades of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland May 18, 1887</p><br>
<p>The Peace Monument, also known as the Navy Monument, Naval Monument or Navy-Peace Monument, stands on the western edge of the United States Capitol Complex in Washington, D.C. It is in the middle of Peace Circle, where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect. The surrounding area is Union Square, which the monument shares with the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, James A. Garfield Monument, and the Capitol Reflecting Pool. The front of the monument faces west towards the National Mall while the east side faces the United States Capitol.</p><br>
<p>The idea of a monument honoring men who fought in the Union Navy during the Civil War was spearheaded by Admiral David Dixon Porter, who wanted the monument to stand in Annapolis, Maryland, where his father, Commodore David Porter, had assisted in the installation of the Tripoli Monument. Due to an uneasy relationship between the younger Porter and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, the monument was not installed in Annapolis. Porter lobbied Congress and an additional $20,000 was allocated to build the base. This was in addition to the $9,000 Porter raised amongst naval personnel and private citizens. Porter chose Franklin Simmons to sculpt the monuments statues, one of many works in Washington, D.C., by Simmons. Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the base. Pieces of the monument began to arrive in 1876, and the final piece arrived in January 1878. Unlike most of the citys war monuments, there was no formal dedication ceremony.</p><br>
<p>The monument is made of Carrara marble, which has led to numerous restorations, since that type of marble is not meant to be outside in the elements. The monument is 44 ft high and is 10 ft long on each side. There were additional pieces that were to be installed, including decorative lampposts and water features, but either due to funding or Welles&#39; intervention, the monument remained unfinished. The monument has become a gathering place during protests and rallies, leading to further deterioration of the marble. People protesting against the Vietnam War, the Three Mile Island accident, and the murder of George Floyd, have gathered at the monument. It was also a site where rioters gathered before the January 6 United States Capitol attack.</p><br>
<p>The Peace Monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites: the National Mall Historic District, the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, the collective listing of Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C., and the L&#39;Enfant Plan. Ownership of the monument was transferred in 1973 to the Architect of the Capitol, which has performed several cleaning and restoration projects since that time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Memorial plans and installation</h3><br>
<p>After the Civil War, there were plans to erect a significant number of memorials in Washington, D.C., honoring men who served in the Union Army. Admiral David Dixon Porter wanted to also honor Union Navy sailors amongst the memorials. Porter had started planning for a memorial in 1864 after Union forces captured Fort Fisher. His father, Commodore David Porter, had also led a movement to honor United States Navy sailors who fought in the Barbary Wars. His father&#39;s memorial, the Tripoli Monument, was originally placed in the Washington Navy Yard, but it was moved to Annapolis, Maryland, in 1860. Porter Jr. was selected to lead the United States Naval Academy after the war. It was there, in 1865, that he began making serious plans for the Civil War monument.</p><br>
<p>Porter raised money for his project via naval personnel and private citizens. Porter had probably seen Simmons&#39; works since the latter had moved to Washington, D.C., in the 1860s. Simmons had also already designed one Civil War monument located in Lewiston, Maine. Porter gave Simmons his sketch for the monument, and insisted it be made of Carrara marble. After fundraising was complete, Simmons began carving the commission at his art studio in Rome. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, was angry that he was not consulted on the matter. The two men had a tumultuous relationship; Porter knew Welles would have rejected the idea.</p><br>
<p>After Porter lobbied members of Congress in 1872, the federal government approved the monument and allocated $20,000 for the base. Porter wanted the monument to be placed in Annapolis, where his father&#39;s monument was located, but Welles said no. The Congress found a better location for the monument, near the United States Capitol complex. An Act of Congress passed on July 31, 1876, allowing for the monument to be erected on the proposed site. The following year, Simmons began shipping pieces of the monument to Washington, D.C., on a boat named Supply. Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark designed the granite base and most pieces of the monument were installed in 1877. The statue of Peace was added to the monument in January 1878.</p><br>
<p>Unlike many other Civil War memorials erected at the time, the Naval Monument (later renamed the Peace Monument by the press), did not receive an elaborate dedication with a parade and speeches from prominent individuals. This may be in part to the bad blood between Porter and Welles, or the fact the monument was not actually finished. Decorative lampposts and elaborate water features were never completed, possibly due to lack of funding. One writer mentioned the parts that were never installed: "Cascades flow from the mouths of bronze dolphins in the sub-base, and four artistic lamp posts stand at the rim of the basin."</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The monument is a contributing property to four listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS). The National Mall Historic District was listed on the DCIHS on November 8, 1964, and the NRHP on October 15, 1966. The Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site was listed on the NRHP on October 15, 1966, and the DCIHS on June 19, 1973. The monument is one of eighteen sculptures, fountains, and other memorials related to the Civil War, which were collectively listed on the NRHP on September 20, 1978, and the DCIHS on March 3, 1979. The fourth and final listing is the L&#39;Enfant Plan, listed on the DCIHS on January 19, 1971, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, people scaled the monument during protests against the Vietnam War and the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident. In 1973, ownership of the monument transferred to the Architect of the Capitol as part of the United States Capitol grounds. By that time the monument was in serious need of repairs and cleaning. There were pieces missing, as well as lichen and grime on the monument. The marble type used to build the monument is not accustomed to being outdoors, exposed to the elements. After many tests and observations, the monument was cleaned in 1991, a year after masonry and other parts were repaired. Fissures were filled, missing pieces replaced, and a stone consolidant was applied to everything that was marble. Additional cleaning took place in 1999 and 2010.</p><br>
<p>The monument was vandalized by unknown assailants during the George Floyd protests with spray-painted messages like "BLM," "all pigs will die," and "capitalism must fall." The monument was power washed by Architect of the Capitol employees afterwards. Before the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, members of the Proud Boys and other rioters gathered around the monument. It is also where flowers and flags were left after the death of United States Capitol Police officer Brian Sicknick, who died from two strokes after the attack.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The Peace Monument is located on Reservation 202A in Union Square, along with the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, James A. Garfield Monument, and Capitol Reflecting Pool. The square is on the west side of the United States Capitol Complex, which borders the eastern edge of the National Mall. The Peace Monument is in the middle of Peace Circle where First Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW intersect. The monument&#39;s name has several varieties, including the original Navy Monument, the Naval Monument, and Navy-Peace Monument.</p><br>
<p>The monument measures 44 ft high and is 10 ft long on each side.</p><br>
<p>On the west side of the monument&#39;s second tier is Victory holding an oak branch in her left hand. Neptune and Mars are depicted as small children holding weaponry. In addition to the branch, Victory is holding a laurel wreath with her right hand. Further down the base is the quatrefoil basin which is on all sides of the monument. The east side of the monument, facing the Capitol, features a topless statue of Peace. She is wearing a robe that she holds with her left arm and her right hand is holding an olive branch. There are two cherubs at her feet. Also by her feet is a dove resting on wheat, symbolizing Agriculture and Plenty, and on the other side of her feet are Science, Literature, and Art emblems.</p><br>
<p>Puerto Rico National Cemetery is a United States national cemetery located in the city of Bayamón, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It encompasses 108.2 acre of land, and at the end of 2005, had 44,722 interments. Until 2021, it was the only United States National Cemetery in Puerto Rico. A second United States National Cemetery was built in Morovis, Puerto Rico because the cemetery in Bayamón has reached its capacity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land in which the cemetery is located was under the jurisdiction of the United States Navy since 1898, when Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as a consequence of the treaties signed which officially ended the Spanish–American War. The area was used as a machine gun firing range during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Government of the United States decided that the site, which is located in Bayamon and is approximately 13 miles from San Juan, would be suitable for the construction of a new cemetery. The land was transferred to the stewardship of the United States Department of the Army and the private firm of Font & Montilla was contracted to build the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was dedicated on Veterans Day in 1949, in a ceremony attended by Luis Muñoz Marín, the Governor of Puerto Rico, and Major General Herman Feldman, the Quartermaster of the US Army. The cemetery has become a shrine to the Puerto Rican veterans who have served in the United States military and those who perished while on active duty. In 1962, the remains of those interred on all other five military cemeteries on the island were transferred there.</p><br>
<p>The Puerto Rico National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 1983, and on the Puerto Rico Register of Historic Sites and Zones on February 3, 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Morovis National (Veterans) Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The Morovis National Cemetery, a second United States National Cemetery, was built in Morovis within a 247.5-acre parcel of land that can be accessed from Highway 137 at Km. 11.2. It was built to replace the existing Puerto Rico National Cemetery located in Bayamón, which would reach its capacity in 2022. Construction was underway in 2019 with interments slated to begin in 2021. The USA Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) held a dedication ceremony for the cemetery on December 12, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The following list has the names of distinguished Puerto Ricans, and non-Puerto Rican veterans who have made Puerto Rico their home, who served in the US military and are interred there.</p><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Fernando Luis García Ledesma (1929–1952), PFC, US Marine Corps. García Ledesma was the first Puerto Rican awarded the Medal of Honor (cenotaph).</p><br>
<p>Juan E. Negrón-Martínez (1929–1996), Master Sergeant, US Army. Negrón, a member of the 65th Infantry Regiment, was awarded the medal posthumously.</p><br>
<p>Eurípides Rubio (1938–1966), Captain, US Army. Recipient for his actions in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<p>Bailey K. Ashford, Colonel, US Army. Spanish–American War veteran, doctor, parasitologist, author. A pioneering physician, Ashford organized and conducted a parasite treatment campaign, which cured approximately 300,000 persons (one-third of the Puerto Rico population) and reduced the death rate from this anemia by 90 percent.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Betances Ramírez, Colonel, US Army. Betances Ramírez was the only Puerto Rican to command a Battalion in the Korean War. Section K, Site 3030.</p><br>
<p>Modesto Cartagena, Sergeant First Class, US Army. Served in the 65th Infantry Regiment, an all-Puerto Rican regiment also known as "The Borinqueneers", during World War II and the Korean War. He was the most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Fernando Chardón, Major General, US Army. Puerto Rico Adjutant General from 1969 to 1973. Chardon was also the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from 1969 to 1973</p><br>
<p>Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr., Brigadier General, US Army. Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment. He documented his experiences as a prisoner of war and his participation in the infamous Bataan Death March of World War II.</p><br>
<p>Juan César Cordero Dávila, Major General, US Army. Cordero Dávila was the commanding officer of the 65th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War, rising to become one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the United States Army.</p><br>
<p>Efrain Figueroa-Melendez, Staff Sergeant, US Army. Figueroa-Melendez, awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, was a member of Company D, 3d Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. On three occasions Staff Sergeant Figueroa-Melendez purposely drew communist volleys on himself to permit his men to draw back to protected positions. Plot: E 563.</p><br>
<p>César Luis González, First Lieutenant, US Air Force. During World War II, González became the first pilot from Puerto Rico to fly for the US Army Air Corps and one of the first Puerto Ricans to die in combat during that conflict. He was posthumously promoted to 1st. Lt.</p><br>
<p>Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini, Brigadier General, US Air Force. A World War II hero, was the recipient of 5 Distinguished Flying Cross&#39;s and co-founder of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. Gilormini had previously flown for the Royal Canadian Air Force (1941) and the Royal Air Force (1941–1942).</p><br>
<p>Gilberto José Marxuach, Colonel, US Army. Son of Teofilo Marxuach. He is known as "The Father of the San Juan Civil Defense". Plot: C 60.</p><br>
<p>Teófilo Marxuach, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army. Ordered the first shot fired in World War I on behalf of the United States on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of the San Juan Bay.</p><br>
<p>Elmy L. Matta, 1st. Lieutenant, US Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, as member of the 8th Cavalry Regiment (Infantry), 1st CAV DIV. Lieutenant Matta was killed while personally leading an assault of his company against the enemy in the face of intense small arms and automatic weapons fire.</p><br>
<p>José Antonio Muñiz, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Air Force. Muñiz, together with then-Colonels Alberto A. Nido and Mihiel Gilormini, founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Alberto A. Nido, Brigadier General, US Air Force. World War II hero who co-founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and served as its commander for many years.</p><br>
<p>Belisario Noriega, Master Sergeant, US Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, served with the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division. He led his men through the hostile ranks of the enemy to the safety of the main line of resistance.</p><br>
<p>Ramón Núñez-Juárez (1931–1952), PFC, US Marine Corps. Recipient of the Navy Cross in the Korean War (cenotaph).</p><br>
<p>Agustín Ramos Calero, Sergeant First Class, US Army. Ramos Calero, with 22 military decorations, was the most decorated Hispanic soldier in all of the United States during World War II.</p><br>
<p>Charlie Robles, Puerto Rican singer and actor who served with the USA ARMY during the Vietnam War period.</p><br>
<p>Augusto Rodríguez, Lieutenant, United States Union Army. Rodríguez served in the American Civil War in the defenses of Washington, D.C., and led his men in the Battles of Fredericksburg and Wyse Fork.</p><br>
<p>Lizbeth Robles, SPC, US Army. First Puerto Rican female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in Iraq.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, Brigadier General, US Army. Rodríguez Balinas was the first commander of the Office of the First US Army Deputy Command.</p><br>
<p>Antulio Segarra, Colonel, US Army. In 1943, Segarra became the first Puerto Rican Regular Army officer to command a Regular Army Regiment when he assumed the command of Puerto Rico&#39;s 65th Infantry Regiment which at the time was conducting security missions in the jungles of Panama. Plot: A, Row 0, Site 353.</p><br>
<p>Pedro Vázquez Rivera, Captain, US Marine Corps. Vázquez Rivera was an attorney and engineer who served as Puerto Rico&#39;s eighth Secretary of State from 1979 to 1981 under Governor Carlos Romero Barceló, Deputy Mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico from 1984 to 1988 under Mayor Baltasar Corrada del Rio and executive director of the publicly owned Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) from 1977 to 1979.</p><br>
<p>Frances M. Vega, SPC, US Army. First stateside born Puerto Rican female soldier to die in a war.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>Members of the Otero family murdered by serial killer Dennis Rader:</p><br>
<p>Joseph Otero, Sergeant, US Army.</p><br>
<p>Julie Otero, wife of Joseph Otero</p><br>
<p>Josephine Otero, daughter of Joseph and Julie Otero</p><br>
<p>Joseph Otero II, son of Joseph and Julie Otero</p><br>
<p>John Ernest Sayle, British Merchant Marine crewmember killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</p><br>
<p>Captain Elwood Palmes Walmsley, Royal Air Force pilot killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</p><br>
<p>Navigator George Federic Johnston, Royal Air Force ferry command killed during World War II; one of three gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</p><br>
<h3>Gallery of notable interments</h3><br>
<p>Monumental Church is a former Episcopal church at 1224 E. Broad Street between N. 12th and College streets in Richmond, Virginia. Designed by architect Robert Mills, it is one of America&#39;s earliest and most distinctive Greek Revival churches. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is located in the Court End historic district.</p><br>
<p>Monumental Church was built between 1812 and 1814 to commemorate the 72 people who died on the site in the December 26, 1811, Richmond Theatre fire. The building consists of two parts: a crypt and a church. The crypt is located beneath the sanctuary and contains the remains of those who died in the fire. The church is octagonal in form; its walls are constructed with brick faced with Aquia Creek sandstone and a stucco finish.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This site was developed for the first Academy of Fine Arts and Sciences in America, or "The Theatre Square." Chevalier Quesnay de Beaurepaire, a French officer in the Revolutionary army, had developed the idea for the academy but the plan was abandoned due to the war. In 1786 Richmond&#39;s first theatre was built on this site, described as having the appearance of a "barn-like building."</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Ratifying Convention of 1788 was held in this building beginning on June 3 for three weeks "after first convening in the temporary capitol at Cary and Fourteenth streets." Among the many individuals in attendance were James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, George Nicholas, Edmund Randolph, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry.</p><br>
<p>This building was destroyed by fire in 1802 and the Richmond Theatre replaced it. In 1811, the Richmond Theatre fire resulted in the deaths of 72 people. Chief Justice John Marshall commissioned a church to replace it as a monument, and it was designed by architect Robert Mills, the first American-born architect. He was the architect of the Washington Monuments in both Baltimore and Washington, DC. He also later designed many buildings in South Carolina as superintendent of public buildings. Mills "had a reputation for being particularly concerned with fireproofing." Later he designed Charleston&#39;s Fireproof Building.</p><br>
<p>On Nov. 20, 1817, Monumental Church established the first Sunday School program in Richmond. Famous parishioners included Chief Justice John Marshall, whose family occupied pew No. 23; Edgar Allan Poe, whose foster parents the Allans were members and occupied pew No. 80; the Marquis de Lafayette when he visited Richmond in 1824, William Mayo of Powhatan, and the Chamberlayne family.</p><br>
<p>Three Richmond congregations were formed from Monumental, including: St. Jamess in 1831, St. Pauls in 1845, and All Saints in 1888. As the center of population in the city dispersed to the suburbs, Monumental Church was judged too costly to operate. It was deconsecrated in 1965 and taken over by the Medical College of Virginia for classroom space. The College transferred the building to the Historic Richmond Foundation, an affiliate of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design of the Monumental Church generated a certain amount of controversy between the two architects, Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Robert Mills, who were consulted independently by the Committee. Latrobe had submitted his designs initially and believed that his plan was approved by the Committee. However, the Committee approved the plan submitted by Robert Mills, which combined the monument with the church. This resulted in an awkward situation, as Mills had worked as Latrobe&#39;s assistant earlier in his career.</p><br>
<p>Latrobe refused to submit any alternate plan when requested by the Committee, as he felt slighted. However, he commended their decision and wrote glowingly of the Mills&#39;s capability to fulfill the assignment.</p><br>
<p>Following this, additional letters were exchanged between Latrobe and Mills, which were not very cordial at times. Latrobe&#39;s last letter of July 22, 1812 addressed to Mills ended the controversy.</p><br>
<p>Mills plan consisted of "an emphatic monumental porch&#39;"—thirty-two feet square as Latrobe had proposed—grafted onto an auditorium-style church. The porch, which Mills called the "vestibule, dominates the south elevation, and fronts upon the street. The body of the church is an octagon, one facet of which abuts the rear of the monumental porch. Within the church, directly across from the doorway, the pulpit stands within an acoustically conceived apse, which balances the porch. This bay projects from the northern face of the octagon and was intended to serve as the base of the steeple (never executed). To the east and west project corresponding bays; these contain stairways to the balcony that circumscribes the interior, except the pulpit apse on the north face of the nave. A low saucer dome caps the nave, and its center is pierced by a round monitor or cupola." The monumental porch adopted "shadow, void and contrasting forms" to register a lasting impression. The design also adopted large forms with least ornamentation with the brown colour of the Aquia stone sandstone accentuating the solemnity of the structure. The placement of the large piers in the porch brought about a shaded interior. The Doric columns with fluted drums also projected out into the light. The overall effect of the porch was of a geometrically proportioned and balanced structure.</p><br>
<p>The design has not been universally lauded, in a 1939 review of Protestant church design in America, Architectural Record described it as "Greek Revival runs afoul of the Renaissance dome tradition, with serious compromises in both the plan and the fenestration."</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>In 2004 Monumental Church underwent a significant renovation. A monument to the 72 people killed in the fire was replaced by an exact replica. The bodies of the victims remain in a brick crypt below the church.</p><br>
<p>The documentary Saving Grace-Resurrecting American History, written and directed by writer/director Eric Futterman, follows the process of recreating the monument. Laser scanners were used to record its measurements. The data was sent by Internet to Ireland, where stonecutters used both high-tech computer equipment and old-fashioned stone-cutting created a new 7,000-pound monument.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, regular tours began. These are operated in cooperation with the Valentine Richmond History Center&#39;s "Court End Passport". The building is open on occasion for other private functions.</p><br>
<p>Humboldt Street Historic District, or Humboldt Island, is located west of Cheesman Park in Denver, Colorado on Humboldt Street between East Tenth and Twelfth Streets. It was the first residential district to be designated a historic district by the Denver Landmark Preservation Commission in 1972, and is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>There are 25 houses in the district built between 1895 and 1920. They were designed by prominent architectural firms, including Willison and Fallis, Marean and Norton, and Barressen Brothers. There district contains houses of Renaissance Revival, Georgian Revival, Colonial Revival as well as simple Foursquare style architecture. Some of Denver&#39;s most wealthy and influential people lived in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>After Frederick G. Bonfils mansion was torn down to make way for a fifteen-story apartment house, Denver passed an ordinated to protect Cheesman Parks mountain view from other high-rise buildings. Bonfils and Harry Heye Tammen were owners of The Denver Post and self-made millionaires. Tammen had a Tuscan villa at 1061 Humboldt. Mining millionaires, the Stoibers had the district&#39;s showiest mansion, Stoiber-Reed-Humphreys Mansion, of Renaissance Revival-style architecture. Governor William Ellery Sweet lived in a Georgian Revival-style house at 1075 Humboldt.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Frederick G. Bonfils</p><br>
<p>Helen Bonfils</p><br>
<p>Verner Zevola Reed</p><br>
<p>May Bonfils Stanton</p><br>
<p>Governor William Ellery Sweet</p><br>
<p>Josephine Trott</p><br>
<p>Kippax Plantation was located on the south bank of the Appomattox River in what is today the City of Hopewell in southeast Virginia. Kippax Plantation was the home of Colonel Robert Bolling . Bolling married Jane Rolfe, who was the granddaughter of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their only child, John Bolling was born at Kippax in 1676, and settled nearby at Cobbs Plantation, just west of Point of Rocks across the Appomattox River in what is now Chesterfield County. While Jane&#39;s father Thomas Rolfe  never lived at Kippax Plantation, it is believed that he was buried there, as were Robert and Jane.</p><br>
<p>Kippax Plantation is considered to be a well-preserved archaeological site that is also well documented. Archaeologist Donald W. Linebaugh, of the University of Kentucky, located the remains of Col. Bolling&#39;s house in Hopewell, Virginia in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Most of the current digging is performed at the site of the unearthed residence. Research by graduate students from the College of William and Mary, headed by Donald W. Linebaugh, have found the remains of at least four separate structures spanning the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries at the Kippax site. These structures have the potential to answer important research questions regarding the history of early trade between Europeans and Native Americans, the lives of the African American slaves who lived there, and the cultural interaction between these groups.</p><br>
<p>The Archaeological Conservancy recently purchased the site of Kippax Plantation to protect it from development. Members of the Archaeological Conservancy are in the process of raising the $205,000 needed for the purchase.</p><br>
<p>Weston Manor is an 18th-century plantation house on the south shore of the Appomattox River in Hopewell, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William and Christian Eppes Gilliam built their home, Weston Manor, in 1789 on land in Prince George County that was acquired two years earlier from her cousin John Wayles Eppes. The Gilliam family arrived in Virginia in the 17th century as indentured servants. By the late 18th century through hard work and smart marriages the family had amassed several plantations in the area. Christian was the daughter of Richard Eppes of neighboring Appomattox Plantation. Weston Manor was originally known as Western Manor because it was west of Appomattox Plantation, also known as Appomattox Manor.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Weston Manor is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is noted for its period interior.</p><br>
<p>The Elisabet Ney Museum is a museum located in Austin, Texas, United States. It is housed in the former studio of sculptor Elisabet Ney and is dedicated to showcasing her life and works. There is a permanent collection of her portrait busts and personal memorabilia on display.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formosa, as Ney called the studio, was completed in 1893 and enlarged in 1902. It was the earliest art studio built in Texas. After Ney died in 1907, Ella and Joseph B. Dibrell purchased the building to preserve it as an art center in memory of her. Ella Dibrell along with other women helped form the Texas Fine Arts Association to create the museum. The City of Austin assumed ownership of it in 1941 and it is managed through the citys Parks and Recreation Department. In addition to being a local and state historic landmark, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 29, 1972, and is one of the 40 museums in the program.</p><br>
<p>Until 1973 the Ney museum emphasized the exhibition of contemporary art. From July 1980 to November 1982, the museum was closed for restoration and the installation of a climate-control system, after which the museum began to reconstruct the studio as it was used by Ney. In 2007 the museum commissioned a master plan for restoration of the grounds. Part of this plan has been completed, including planting wild flowers and prairie grasses around the building to better resemble the appearance of the grounds in Neys time. In 2017 the city of Austin announced a planned restoration of the museums frame, windows, and doors to improve the buildings climate control and a restoration of the propertys historic wall and gate. Other planned improvements include a new bridge across Waller Creek, which cuts through the Ney property, and the formation of a supporters group, Friends of the Ney. Recently, the museum has again returned to a focus on contemporary art more than Ney and her work, and holds numerous public events and art exhibitions annually.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum houses a collection of originals and replicas of Ney&#39;s works, along with many of her personal belongings and tools. The more than fifty busts, medallions, and full-sized figures on display include her portraits of European notables such as King Ludwig II of Bavaria, Otto von Bismarck, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Arthur Schopenhauer as well as Americans William Jennings Bryan, Sam Houston, Stephen F. Austin, and General Albert Sidney Johnston.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of San Antonio in Bexar County, Texas. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 3.7 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 3,163 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>San Antonio National Cemetery was a part of the city&#39;s cemetery, which was deeded to the federal government 1867. The first interments were Civil War Union soldiers reinterred from the city cemetery and outlying cemeteries, over 300 of which are unknown.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>A monument dedicated to the unknown dead buried in the cemetery. Erected in 1912.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Private David B. Barkley, for action in World War I.</p><br>
<p>Private Frederick Deetline, for action at the Battle of Little Big Horn during the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Henry Falcott, for action in Arizona Territory during the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Private John Harrington, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Corporal Henry A. McMasters, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Private James J. Nash, for action in the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>Private Solon D. Neal, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Private Simon Suhler, a.k.a. Charles Gardner, for action in Arizona Territory during the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>First Lieutenant Lewis Warrington, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Four Medal of Honor recipients, whose burial locations are unknown, are honored at the cemetery with cenotaphs</p><br>
<p>Private William H. Barnes, for action at the Battle of Chaffin&#39;s Farm in the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Sergeant William De Armond, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Corporal John J. Given, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Private George W. Smith, for action in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Other notable interments</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General John L. Bullis, Civil War era military officer of 118th & 41st United States Colored Infantry, later as an officer in the 24th Infantry Regiment, a prominent Buffalo Soldier regiment, and commander of the famed Black Seminole scouts in Texas. Camp Bullis in San Antonio, TX is named for him.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Eugene M. Bradley, first person who died at an airfield in Windsor Locks, CT. Airfield was renamed for him. Originally named Bradley Field, its name was changed to Bradley International Airport (BDL).</p><br>
<p>Second Lieutenant George Edward Maurice Kelly, namesake of Kelly Air Force Base.</p><br>
<p>Gustav Schleicher, US Congressman.</p><br>
<p>Private Harry M. Wurzbach in Spanish–American War, as US Congressman served 1921 until his death 1931.</p><br>
<p>Other noteworthy interments</p><br>
<p>Captain Solon McAdoo, leader of Belknap Rifles, at outbreak of Spanish–American War the group enlisted as Company F, First Texas Volunteer Infantry, under McAdoo, who died of fever.</p><br>
<p>Private Prince Romerson, a Hawaiian who fought in the Civil War and as a Buffalo Soldier.</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Robert Francis Catterson American civil war general, physician and later United States Marshall.</p><br>
<p>281 Buffalo Soldiers</p><br>
<p>West Overton is a historic village located approximately 40 mi southeast of Pittsburgh, in East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on PA 819 between the towns of Mount Pleasant and Scottdale. Its latitude is 40.117N and its longitude is -79.564W. Known as the birthplace of industrialist and art collector Henry Clay Frick, it is also the original site of the distillery founded by his great-grandfather, Henry Overholt, and later operated by his grandfather, Abraham Overholt. This distillery is famous for producing Old Overholt rye whiskey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>West Overton Village was established in 1800 by German Mennonites from Bucks County, who were led by Henry Overholt. Initially, they operated as self-sufficient farmers, but in 1803, Henrys son, Abraham Overholt, established a distillery. The distillery quickly expanded, as Overholts whiskey became popular locally and regionally. This was the origin of Old Overholt Whiskey, one of the country&#39;s oldest continuously produced whiskey brands, known for its rye whiskey. As the distillery flourished, he began expanding his industrial interests. By the 1830s, he constructed a gristmill, a flour mill, and additional whiskey stills, making West Overton a thriving industrial hub in the early 19th century. Production at the distillery ceased during the Prohibition era in the 1920s, when the production and sale of alcohol were banned nationwide.</p><br>
<p>When prohibition laws were repealed in 1933 during the Great Depression, federal farm subsidies were introduced, benefiting crops like corn but initially excluding rye. As a result, bourbon, which relies heavily on corn, became more economically viable to produce than rye whiskey. Consequently, rye whiskey never regained its former status locally. In 1927, the Overholt Company changed ownership, purchased by National Distillers, which was later acquired by American Brands and its subsidiary, James B. Beam Distilling Co., in 1987. Today, Old Overholt rye whiskey is produced by Beam Suntory in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>One of Overholts grandsons, Henry Clay Frick, who was born at West Overton in 1849, would go on to become one of Americas most influential industrialists. Frick started his career at West Overton and later expanded into the coal and coke industries, which were vital to steel production. Frick eventually partnered with Andrew Carnegie, playing a pivotal role in the development of the USA steel industry.</p><br>
<h2>Present day and museum</h2><br>
<p>Today the village operates as a museum complex and is an example of a 19th-century rural industrial village. It is the only pre-American Civil War village still intact in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The museum has undergone a complete renovation and will focus on the Overholt industries of whiskey distillation, grist milling and coal and coke operations. The museum was scheduled to reopen for tours in August 2012 with the Overholt Homestead reopening in June 2013.</p><br>
<p>Beginning with the re-opening of Overton stock farm in 2012, the barn has become a wedding venue, working in partnership with Scottdales Carsons Catering business.</p><br>
<p>On April 21, 2020, a vehicle crashed into the former Abraham Overholt homestead, resulting in the vehicle&#39;s four occupants being life-lighted to a nearby hospital and damaging the exterior of the structure. The home was repaired shortly after the incident.</p><br>
<p>In October 2020, West Overton Distilling returned to its original form when production of Monongahela rye whiskey at West Overton&#39;s Educational Distillery restarted.</p><br>
<h2>West Overton Historic District</h2><br>
<p>West Overton Historic District is a national historic district located at East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses 19 contributing buildings in the village of West Overton. They are a collection of mid-19th century buildings in a vernacular Greek Revival style. It includes the Christian S. Overholt Store and House, Abraham Overholt Homestead (1838), and Overholt Mill (1859). The springhouse of the Abraham Overholt Homestead is the birthplace of Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in Mechanicsville, Hanover County, Virginia. It encompasses 1.4 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 2,110 interments. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it is managed by the Hampton National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery was established in 1866 on the site of the Battle of Cold Harbor, an American Civil War engagement. Interments were collected from a 22 mi area, taken from the battlefields and field hospital sites of Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville (Beaver Dam Creek), Gainess Mill, and Savages Station. The land was appropriated in April 1865 during the first post-war search and re-burial operations conducted on local area battlefields, but not fully purchased until the cemetery was officially established the following year. Another search for buried and unburied remains occurred in 1867 and yielded over 1,000 full and partial skeletons that had been missed the previous year. Due to space limitations at Cold Harbor these remains, of which only a handful were identified, were re-interred in the larger Richmond National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In the book Magnolia Journey: A Union Veteran Revisits the Former Confederate States, Russell Conwell stated that in 1870 the remains of Union soldiers were still being unearthed from the battlefield by poverty-stricken local residents searching for Minie Balls to sell as lead scrap in nearby Richmond, Virginia. Although reported to cemetery superintendent Augustus Barry, who was mortally ill at the time, it does not appear that another search and reburial operation was made. Conwell feared that many soldiers remains may have ended up in Richmonds fertilizer factories mixed in with the bones of dead artillery horses. Remains in the Cold Harbor area have been occasionally discovered by farmers and construction crews well into the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Room for the burial of American veterans of later periods was made when the original design of the cemetery was altered by removing several paths and walkways that bisected the cemetery. The cemetery is now closed to further interments.</p><br>
<h2>Notoriety</h2><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Monument to the Unknowns, a 5 ft marble sarcophagus erected by the federal government in 1877 to commemorate the 889 unknown Union soldiers buried in two trench graves at the back of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Monument, a 30 ft granite spire with a statue of a soldier at the top, was erected in 1909 by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and dedicated to its regiments lost at Cold Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The 8th New York Heavy Artillery Monument, a granite block with a bronze plaque listing the names of those from the detachment who died at Cold Harbor, erected in 1909 by the state of New York.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Sergeant Major Augustus Barry, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Civil War. Sergeant Major Barry was also the first superintendent of Cold Harbor National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of Corinth, in Alcorn County, Mississippi. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 20 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 7,137 interments. It is managed by the Little Rock National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery was established in 1866 as a place to inter the Union casualties of the Second Battle of Corinth, and other battles in the region. By the late 1870s there were over 5,000 interments in the cemetery, nearly 4,000 of which were of unknown dead.</p><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Along with other sites, it was included in Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites, a National Historic Landmark designated in 1991</p><br>
<p>Green Lawn Abbey, built in 1927, is a historic mausoleum located at 700 Greenlawn Avenue in South Franklinton in Franklin Township, near Columbus, Ohio. On June 27, 2007, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Green Lawn Abbey is a mausoleum built in 1927 by the Columbus Mausoleum Company. At the time it was the largest in the area, with room for 600 interments. The Columbus Mausoleum Company built numerous other mausoleums in the surrounding area but Green Lawn Abbey was its largest.</p><br>
<p>Built with 1.5 in thick granite walls, marble interior and an imported tile roof, the Abbey was built to inspire awe. Marble faux-fireplaces, stained glass windows and various religious statues adorn this beautiful final resting place of many notable figures in Ohio and local history.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, the Abbey has fallen victim to water leaks, which have damaged much of the plaster ceilings and marble floors. The Abbey has also become the target for many urban exploration groups and vandals. Many of the irreplaceable stained glass windows have been destroyed as people have attempted to find entry into or exit from the Abbey. Marble statues lie broken, used as "tools" for breaking open windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>Notable residents include George J. Karb (former Franklin County police commissioner and five-time mayor of Columbus), magician Howard Thurston, Charles Foster Johnson (first real estate tycoon in the area), Isaac Collins (founder of Anchor Hocking), Edward and Rollin Swisher (from the company that manufactures Swisher Sweets cigars), and H. R. Penney (brother of J.C. Penney of department store fame). A special family crypt room holds members of the Lewis Sells family (owners of Sells Brothers Circus).</p><br>
<p>In 2001 trustees for Green Lawn Abbey considered selling its already reduced grounds to a nearby construction implement dealer that would have surrounded the building with a dealer lot for back hoes and heavy equipment. The plan failed, but concerns continue, especially by fans of Thurston.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>In August 2008 the Green Lawn Abbey Preservation Association (GLAPA) was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) recognized non-profit organization. This group has been leading efforts to restore the Abbey and preserve its historical significance to the city of Columbus. GLAPA is working to educate the community on the history of the Abbey through historic re-enactments held at the facility each fall and an open house event on Memorial Day. GLAPA is also working closely with the Columbus Landmarks Foundation to seek out restoration opportunities and grants for repair to the Abbey.</p><br>
<p>In October 2009, the Abbey suffered a setback when thieves broke in and stole a number of bronze gates. The remaining gates were removed and placed in secure storage until further restoration takes place.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2010, two major roof repair projects have been completed.</p><br>
<p>In February 2021 the cemetery opened to the public for the first time in more than 50 years. By then the Columbus Cemetery Association had succeeded in listing Green Lawn Abbey on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Knowlton Mansion, also known as the Rhawn Residence, is an historic mansion that is located in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The three-story mansion was designed in the Gothic Revival style by renowned nineteenth-century architect Frank Furness as a residence for William Rhawn, a successful Philadelphia banker. It was completed in 1881 and named after John Knowles, the great-grandfather of Rhawn&#39;s wife. It later served as the residence for Robert MacKay Green II, who was the son of Robert MacKay Green I, who invented ice cream soda in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today, it serves as the home to Conroy Catering. The first fundraiser held at Knowlton by Conroy Catering was for former State Representative Chris Wogan in December 1997.</p><br>
<p>Crown Hill National Cemetery is a USA National Cemetery located in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana. It was established in 1866 on Section 10 within Crown Hill Cemetery, a privately owned cemetery on the city&#39;s northwest side. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Cemetery encompasses 1.4 acre and serves as a burial site for Union soldiers who fought in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Indianapolis did not have a cemetery specifically designated as a burial ground for Union soldiers until the National Cemetery was established at Crown Hill. Soldiers who died at Indianapolis were initially buried at the citys Greenlawn Cemetery. The remains of the first Union soldier from Greenlawn were interred at the National Cemetery at Crown Hill on October 19, 1866. By November 1866 the bodies of 707 soldiers had been moved from Greenlawn to Crown Hill. The first burial of a Union veteran in the National Cemetery took place on October 7, 1869. The last Union veteran burial in Crown Hills National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898. As of December 31, 1998, the National Cemetery had 795 interments.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery contains individually marked graves and commemorative memorials, including a stone monument that was dedicated on May 30, 1889. Three bronze plaques installed on the National Cemeterys grounds provide verses from Theodore OHaras "Bivouac of the Dead". Another plaque is inscribed with text of the federal Act, approved in 1864, that establishes and protects the National Cemeteries. Crown Hill Cemetery, including the military cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1973. A separate listing for the Crown Hill was added to the National Register on April 29, 1999. The last Union veteran burial in Crown Hills National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898. The National Cemetery at Crown Hill is managed by the Marion National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Indianapolis had no cemetery specifically designated as a burial place for Union soldiers who died in camps and hospitals near Indianapolis until after the Civil War. During the war, when the city served as a major transportation hub and as a camp for Union troops, the soldiers who died at Indianapolis were initially buried at Greenlawn Cemetery, located west of town. Confederate prisoners who died at Camp Morton, a large prisoner-of-war camp north of Indianapolis, were also interred at Greenlawn. By August 1863 Greenlawn was nearing capacity from wartime casualties and facing encroachment from industrial development. To provide additional land for burials, a group of local businessmen formed a Board of Corporators (trustees) who established Crown Hill Cemetery on October 22, 1863. The privately owned cemetery, northwest of downtown, borders present-day Thirty-Eighth Street. In 1866 the USA government authorized a National Cemetery for Indianapolis and made arrangements for the removal of the soldiers from Greenlawn.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery in Indianapolis was established on 1.4 acre within the grounds of Crown Hill. Brigadier General James A. Ekin, a representative of the federal government, and Oliver P. Morton, the governor of Indiana, are credited with selecting its location on the western half of a sloping hill. This area is also known as Section 10. Crown Hills board of corporators made an initial offer to donate land valued at $15,000 for the cemetery, but Ekin did not have the authority to purchase the site. In the final agreement the land was purchased for $5,000, with the understanding that Crown Hills ownership would ornament the burial plots.</p><br>
<p>Within a few months the bodies of Union soldiers who were buried at Greenlawn were moved to the National Cemetery. Not all the Civil War soldiers buried at Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery are from Indiana. The National Cemetery also contains the remains of thirty-six unknowns.</p><br>
<p>On May 30, 1868, Crown Hill, along with Arlington National Cemetery and 182 others in twenty-seven states, took part the country&#39;s first Memorial Day ceremonies. An estimated crowd of 10,000 attended the celebrations at Crown Hill, which began an annual tradition that continues into the twenty-first century.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1869, John F. Wilson, a former private in Company E, 70th Regiment Indiana Infantry, became the first Union veteran of the Civil War to be buried in the National Cemetery. Eighty-five others were buried in the remaining plots in Section 10. The last burial of a Civil War soldier in Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898, when John H. Tull, a former private in Company D, 72nd Regiment Indiana Infantry, was buried in Section 10.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the federal government requested an expansion of the National Cemetery grounds for veteran burials. Crown Hills board suggested an adjacent section southwest of Section 10, but the government took no action to acquire it. On June 27, 1899, Crown Hills board passed a resolution that allowed members of Grand Army of the Republic posts in Indianapolis who served in the USA army or navy to be buried in Section 9, adjacent to the National Cemetery. The body of Brigadier General Edward Richard Sprigg Canby rests in a place of honor in Section 9, Lot 1. Other notable Civil War veterans buried within view of the Union dead in the National Cemetery include Union General Jefferson C. Davis, buried in Section 29, Lot 1, and Brigadier General Abel Streight, buried in Section 29, Lot 72.</p><br>
<p>On October 27, 1969, Major Robert W. Hayes of the 774th Tactical Airlift, was killed when his plane exploded over Chu Lai, in what was then South Vietnam. He is interred in Section 10, the final burial in Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery. As of December 31, 1998, the National Cemetery includes 795 burial sites. Crown Hill Cemetery, including the National Cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1973. The National Cemetery portion, which is listed separately, was added to the National Register on April 29, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Confederate soldiers&#39; burials</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Union soldiers who are buried in the National Cemetery, Crown Hill is also a burial site for Confederate prisoners of war who died at Camp Morton, a large camp located north of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>Artworks</h2><br>
<p>There are many artworks on the property, some of which are freestanding, but most are associated with gravesites. The National Cemetery contains a few memorials in addition to the individually marked graves. The Major Robert Anderson Womens Relief Corps Number 44, Auxiliary to Post Number 360, Grand Army of the Republic, Department of Indiana, erected a stone monument that was dedicated on May 30, 1889. The monument, which was created by Indianapolis stonecutter James F. Needler, is located near the south end of the National Cemetery. The inscription on its north face reads: "In memory of the unknown dead who fell in our countrys service in the War of the Union, A.D. 1861–1865, No name to bid us know, Who rests below, No work of death of birth, Only the grasses wave, Over a mound of earth, Over a nameless grave". Two additional monuments, each one made of cast-iron artillery on a concrete base, are installed within the National Cemetery. Three bronze plaques installed on the National Cemetery grounds provide verses from Theodore OHaras "Bivouac of the Dead". Another plaque is inscribed with the text of Section 3 of the federal Act, approved on February 22, 1864, that establishes and protects the National Cemeteries. A flagpole was installed at the north end of Section 10 in 1938.</p><br>
